'Electronic media Of Pakistan\r'

'1. What is electronic media? â€Å"Electronic Media” argon those communication mediums which ar found on electronic or electromechanical inwardness of production and closely often severalise from print media. The primary electronic media semens beaten(prenominal) to the cosmopolitan public worldwide embroil radio, sound recordings, tele tidy sum, video recording and float internet content” . It denotes, â€Å"the important mean of communicating with large number of multitude, speci aloney television, radio, internet and contrast”. The electronic media begin four base functions; to inform, entertain, educate and cultivate the public opinion.The 20th century burn be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of smokestack communication grew in achieverion as the century unfolded. crusade pictures arrived on scene in the jump decade of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the atomic number 18 na in 1940s, fol humiliateded by c qualified television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the individualized computer gave access to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks by dint of World Wide Web by the 1990s. . 2 Influence of electronic mediaIn the pass 50 years the media cast has cock-a-hoop signifi suffertly with the advance of technology, first in that location was the telegraph, then the radio, the upstartspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We locomote in a gild that depends on entropy and communication to keep woful in the right focalization and do our routine moveivities like work, entertainment, health cargon, education, individual(prenominal) relationships, travelling and anything else that we harbour to do. â€Å"What we need to be awargon is that most(prenominal) of our finiss, beliefs and values ar based on what we be intimate for a fact, our assumptions and our own experience.In ou r work we usu tot aloneyy know what we bear to do base on our experience and studies, however on our daily lives we rely on the media to conk the received news and facts about what is important and what we should be aw atomic number 18 of. ” We arouse put our charge on the media as an strength to endue us news, entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass media on our kids, teenagers and cab art is so full-grown that we should know how it re alto nominatehery works. . The electronic media has affected e precise sphere of the kind aspect. In the present times, reading and technology are interwoven with the beau monde’s sparing progress.The evolution of electronic media has had an oerwhelming match on the society. The Opportunities of communication squander broken all barriers across fill inject boundaries and prepare led to the germination of new ideas by means of the cross pollination of finiss. Electronic cultivation has had a posi tive regard in the promotion of sundry(a) neighborly regimes. . 1. 3 Functions of electronic media. The primary functions of electronic media are; to inform, educate, influence and entertain. This means of communication has maximum size of audience, its r each(prenominal), coverage and effectiveness of its impact is increasing.Following is a brief description of some(a) of the functions of the electronic media:- To Provide Information. The provision of live verifiable; adequate and complete information is one of the primary functions of the electronic media, objectiveness is expected in arranging information for the universe of discourse. To Provide Education . The electronic media push aside become a business leaderful and scotch light beam for education and has a wide potential difference if apply imaginatively and with vision. The media can in any case be used to offer consciousness and educate the masses to over cause various social conundrums and developmen t of civic sense. .To Influence Public Opinion. The revolution in information technology and potential of media to influence and analyze various import and interthemeistic issues, suggest various options, weigh the trump option to arrive at the worsen solutions to guide their audience. To Entertain. The electronic media can provide for a wide retch of entertainments for tastes and requirements of or so all the segments of the society. 1. 4 Growth of electronic media in Pakistan The electronic media in Pakistan has make rapid progress. Only three or four decades ago, radio and secern possess TV was considered to be the main sources of information.Today, we have more than 77 Satellite TV Channels, 2346 cable operators, 28 landing TV Channels from abroad like BBC, CNN, Sky, jumper cable etc. and more than 129 FM Stations(on air and in some cases licences issued) including 46 radio Channels. The investment this year is expected US$ 1. 5 billion. Total investment in this va ult of heaven is US$ 2. 5 billion. The new jobs likely to be created are 150000. The substantiative employment is 7 million. The advertisement mart in 2008 was US$ 431 Million and in 2009 it was estimated as US$ 691 million.This growth has do available more familiarity and up to date information in all spheres of life to the general public. TV started its formning transmissions in 1964. Pakistan Television Corporation was collective as a joint source company in 1967 and in 1984 it was born-again into a corporation low the Companies Ordinance. PTV has been a great source of entertainment. TV has as well effectively disseminated information on a variety of subjects to its viewers. However, the objectives set out for PTV at the time of its inception were:- • Instruction and enlightenment.• Enrichment of knowledge and information. • Wholesome entertainment. • Promotion of field of study view and integration. • Presentation of news in a plum, ob jective, factual manner free from prevarication by implication and omission. 1. 5 Types of electronic media communicate. In Pakistan like opposite create countries, radio is the major source of information and entertainment due to its reach to the furthest flung areas and cosmos relatively scotchal. Broadcasts carry news, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing standoff in the public. Television.TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has become the haleest form of media to perform all four functions, i. e. information, education, influence and entertainment. Internet. Internet is the latest addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic solecism in the dynamics and profile of the worldwide information sector. The medium also provides newsflash access to the largest data bases and archives of information around the world. 1. 6 The m edia and the ground realitiesThe most critical obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the facts. there are real realities and electronic media’s expectation and peculiarities, which to some extent are universal. The electronic media is a business, a billion dollar sign industry and thus its primary agent remains to earn money and not harmonize the society. Due to intense rival in the field of electronic media industry, media has to be competitive; to be â€Å"Exclusive and offset”. The electronic media often looks for controversy, sensationalism and proscribe news to make head births.In some cases the electronic media feels that it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for society using its own standards. The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news poor, perfidious and un-imaginative presentation of events and stories, ultimately losing the confiden ce of general public. Introduction of Satellite TV, Cable and surreptitious Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of hatful. The Government of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of private electronic media which could not be avoided through verbalize controlled TV only.The politicsal policies regarding electronic media took a different direction, to put this sector. 1. 7 Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i. e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broadcasters/ cable TV operators. â€Å"This Regulatory Body was established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the following goals in beware” i) Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment.ii) Enlarge the pickaxe available to the nation of Pakistan in the media for news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector look ups, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and interior(a) elicit. iii) Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and world author to the grass roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and community level. iv) Ensure accountability, transparence and good governing by optimization of the free flow of information. . ChallengesIn a antiauthoritarian country like Pakistan where freedom of dustup and expression is reassured to every citizen by the Constitution. This original right has to be exercised by all with due care to look into that it whitethorn not incite force play, terrorism, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy, hatred, pornography, obscenity, vulgarity or anything offensive to the commonly accepted standards of decency. Similarly, the sanctity of study institutions needs to be loveed at all greets. In this regard, PEMRA has formulated a Code of Conduct for the broadcasters.However, the concept of Self-Regulation is promoted to get on the broadcasters to formulate the rules of the game, themselves. . SECTION-2 FAULT LINES IN content COHESION AND INTEGRATION 2. 1 What is interior(a) desegregation? The concept of discipline integrating is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential tonicity of the concept include, â€Å"The creation of a theme semi semi governmental System which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures” , and the creation of a â€Å" communal national consciousness, a common national consensus and a common national individuality” .These two definitions appear adequate for workings pur clings as they underline both the governmental as well as the socio- heathen ingredients of the unconscious operate of integration. case viscidity refers to the bonds or â€Å" gum tree” that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The most obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneousness of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a cohesive intact. â€Å"The extent of the little terror posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of languages, races, considers etc., depends on a variety of factors except there are basically two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present earlier a country may be deemed to be faced with a problem of national disunity. ” The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces contests but still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a unity-in-diversity and there is an ever-growing need to develop a sympathetic society. â€Å"The balance sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the bygone half century has both cost and benefits.Pakistani society has split into level-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other; instead fissures of institutional lag run through them. Its cohesiveness has given charge to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and chaste consensus”. 2. 2 Fault Lines in topic Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan Integration or viscidness is an ideal, â€Å"it is not a thing but a process. It is vigor ruled by an inner necessity, world guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals leading to a certain direction ”.National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization. A cohesive society is in return supportive community of free individuals, pursue these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan be exploit of many keep factors, which origin ate within the country or influenced by external reasons. It may also be a complex outlet of interaction between the country forces and stresses and influences of orbicular scenario.The socio- semipolitical factors and socio-economic factors as listed below have contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration. 2. 3 Socio-Political Factors Intolerance and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a stratified structure and social barriers, further and implement by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of trust and language is one major source of fractionalization. â€Å"Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval.In the post 9/11 world, the political, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan have been under major upcountry transformation and intense international scrutiny. pagan and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two d ecades has sharply polarized the society. heterogeneous Islamic religious groups jostle violently for power. Religious reliance, usually a subject of own(prenominal) redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a immobilize lack of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society. ” Constitutional Crisis.The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and amendments in 1973 constitution remained a contentious issue among the federating units since long. The slow up process of reconciliation and agreement, on this only instrument to govern the state is a life-threatening threat to national cohesion and integration. Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan.Identity crisis regular with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of de mocracy in essence and in dispensation at National level. There are contradictions between national and provincial interests, particularly in mat relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, much(prenominal) provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool. Sectarian Intolerance. The voice of society on the basis of sects, tribes, colour and gospel gives rise to intolerance towards other sects.The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over ferocity on religious identities due to that Pakistani society is facing continuous altercate of terrorism in the name of religion and belief. Political Process and Direction. The directionless political brass rarely delivers to the satisfaction of voters. versatile derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and nat ional interests and efforts for exercise of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests.The political parties lack democratic norms in their set up and file. Leadership Style and Direction. The political leaders as a whole has failed to see the masses. The trust deficit between the leaders and the people has widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are just a symbol of treasonably pride without much regard for vision and justice. Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have change magnitude the influence of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests.Challenges to the Writ of the Government. The manifestation of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand cleavage where state infrastructure of governance has been uproot ed, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and parallel structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. â€Å"The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have al elbow rooms been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society.These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from within Islam. Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of ‘true believers’ with blind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to display enough Street power to disrupt civil life. Since the war of emancipation in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department.As a allow for they have ‘flourished and proliferated under the exhilarating feeling of jihad. The border between Afghanista n and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the grotesque terrain that facilitates traffic and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all realistic and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes played a vital role in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan.” War against Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges. The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to Pakistan’s commitment with westside for fight against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to oblige the West. The suicidal attacks and lick attacks are the result of this involvement. Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter of concern, people are not free to express their desire to govern.In such circumstances the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. â€Å"National and regional culture has, at various times, interwoven and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures reassert their autonomy.The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the markers of Pakistan’s social change. ” Role of Madrassa. There is little control of government over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately. . 2. 4. Socio †economical Factors Socio †Economic disparities. The exiguity and inflation has caused disparities in the society. The people livi ng below the poverty line have increased in number.The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely impacted the quality of life. drab Governance. Undemocratic & non-participatory governance. . .The perception of governance leading to good governance is flouted; concepts of transparentness and accountability are misleading in Pakistani experience. The accountability is selective and by choice, its aim is not to reform the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful.The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. Violation of charitable Rights. The human rights violation is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the mockery remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestowed by the constitution. â€Å"The perception of women as having a lowe r spatial relation at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equality and is reinforced by customary practises and the laws of the land.Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision making etc, all reflect the preposterous situation of women in Pakistan. ” Personal protective cover Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental policies. Loyalty towards State / laissez-faire(a) behaviour. The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, people’s expectation of justice and fair play are shattered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined.The individualism has replaced collectivism; the bigger societal group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused segmentation on the basis of caste a nd class Justice and chemical formula of law. The justice is incertain; the rules of game are settled by abuse of power. The respect for justice is cerebrate with status and position of the seeker. The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law disruption is considered as a pride for the powerful.Due to delayed justice people have illogical hope in the system to get justice. Violence against Women and minorities â€Å"Many Analysts are in agreement that women’s poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural organization of society”. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and customs and here- say, this exploitation is devoid of any ideological, religious and effective and Constitutional basis. The religious minorities are exist and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security.â€Å"Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focussed and active public delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them” Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. â€Å"In Pakistani society, the administration plays a glacial role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its legitimacy and power from the constitution. ”\r\n'