'Electronic media Of Pakistan\r'

'1. What is electronic media? â€Å"Electronic Media” argon those communication mediums which ar found on electronic or electromechanical inwardness of production and closely often severalise from print media. The primary electronic media semens beaten(prenominal) to the cosmopolitan public worldwide embroil radio, sound recordings, tele tidy sum, video recording and float internet content” . It denotes, â€Å"the important mean of communicating with large number of multitude, speci aloney television, radio, internet and contrast”. The electronic media begin four base functions; to inform, entertain, educate and cultivate the public opinion.The 20th century burn be termed as the century of communication. The main mean of smokestack communication grew in achieverion as the century unfolded. crusade pictures arrived on scene in the jump decade of this century. Regular radio broadcasts started in 1920s. Television entered the atomic number 18 na in 1940s, fol humiliateded by c qualified television in 1950s, and satellite television in 1970s. Lastly the individualized computer gave access to Internet in 1980s. It transformed the interconnected computer networks by dint of World Wide Web by the 1990s. . 2 Influence of electronic mediaIn the pass 50 years the media cast has cock-a-hoop signifi suffertly with the advance of technology, first in that location was the telegraph, then the radio, the upstartspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. We locomote in a gild that depends on entropy and communication to keep woful in the right focalization and do our routine moveivities like work, entertainment, health cargon, education, individual(prenominal) relationships, travelling and anything else that we harbour to do. â€Å"What we need to be awargon is that most(prenominal) of our finiss, beliefs and values ar based on what we be intimate for a fact, our assumptions and our own experience.In ou r work we usu tot aloneyy know what we bear to do base on our experience and studies, however on our daily lives we rely on the media to conk the received news and facts about what is important and what we should be aw atomic number 18 of. ” We arouse put our charge on the media as an strength to endue us news, entertainment and education. However, the influence of mass media on our kids, teenagers and cab art is so full-grown that we should know how it re alto nominatehery works. . The electronic media has affected e precise sphere of the kind aspect. In the present times, reading and technology are interwoven with the beau monde’s sparing progress.The evolution of electronic media has had an oerwhelming match on the society. The Opportunities of communication squander broken all barriers across fill inject boundaries and prepare led to the germination of new ideas by means of the cross pollination of finiss. Electronic cultivation has had a posi tive regard in the promotion of sundry(a) neighborly regimes. . 1. 3 Functions of electronic media. The primary functions of electronic media are; to inform, educate, influence and entertain. This means of communication has maximum size of audience, its r each(prenominal), coverage and effectiveness of its impact is increasing.Following is a brief description of some(a) of the functions of the electronic media:- To Provide Information. The provision of live verifiable; adequate and complete information is one of the primary functions of the electronic media, objectiveness is expected in arranging information for the universe of discourse. To Provide Education . The electronic media push aside become a business leaderful and scotch light beam for education and has a wide potential difference if apply imaginatively and with vision. The media can in any case be used to offer consciousness and educate the masses to over cause various social conundrums and developmen t of civic sense. .To Influence Public Opinion. The revolution in information technology and potential of media to influence and analyze various import and interthemeistic issues, suggest various options, weigh the trump option to arrive at the worsen solutions to guide their audience. To Entertain. The electronic media can provide for a wide retch of entertainments for tastes and requirements of or so all the segments of the society. 1. 4 Growth of electronic media in Pakistan The electronic media in Pakistan has make rapid progress. Only three or four decades ago, radio and secern possess TV was considered to be the main sources of information.Today, we have more than 77 Satellite TV Channels, 2346 cable operators, 28 landing TV Channels from abroad like BBC, CNN, Sky, jumper cable etc. and more than 129 FM Stations(on air and in some cases licences issued) including 46 radio Channels. The investment this year is expected US$ 1. 5 billion. Total investment in this va ult of heaven is US$ 2. 5 billion. The new jobs likely to be created are 150000. The substantiative employment is 7 million. The advertisement mart in 2008 was US$ 431 Million and in 2009 it was estimated as US$ 691 million.This growth has do available more familiarity and up to date information in all spheres of life to the general public. TV started its formning transmissions in 1964. Pakistan Television Corporation was collective as a joint source company in 1967 and in 1984 it was born-again into a corporation low the Companies Ordinance. PTV has been a great source of entertainment. TV has as well effectively disseminated information on a variety of subjects to its viewers. However, the objectives set out for PTV at the time of its inception were:- • Instruction and enlightenment.• Enrichment of knowledge and information. • Wholesome entertainment. • Promotion of field of study view and integration. • Presentation of news in a plum, ob jective, factual manner free from prevarication by implication and omission. 1. 5 Types of electronic media communicate. In Pakistan like opposite create countries, radio is the major source of information and entertainment due to its reach to the furthest flung areas and cosmos relatively scotchal. Broadcasts carry news, analyses, commentaries and advertisements. This medium, however, is losing standoff in the public. Television.TV due to its potentials to offer a greater variety than other elements of electronic media has become the haleest form of media to perform all four functions, i. e. information, education, influence and entertainment. Internet. Internet is the latest addition into the elements of medium of electronic communication. It is swiftly bringing a historic solecism in the dynamics and profile of the worldwide information sector. The medium also provides newsflash access to the largest data bases and archives of information around the world. 1. 6 The m edia and the ground realitiesThe most critical obligation of electronic media is to act as the custodian of the facts. there are real realities and electronic media’s expectation and peculiarities, which to some extent are universal. The electronic media is a business, a billion dollar sign industry and thus its primary agent remains to earn money and not harmonize the society. Due to intense rival in the field of electronic media industry, media has to be competitive; to be â€Å"Exclusive and offset”. The electronic media often looks for controversy, sensationalism and proscribe news to make head births.In some cases the electronic media feels that it has the right to interpret what is good or bad for society using its own standards. The electronic Media was primarily and popularly used by our previous regimes as tool of self propaganda, the quality of news poor, perfidious and un-imaginative presentation of events and stories, ultimately losing the confiden ce of general public. Introduction of Satellite TV, Cable and surreptitious Channels and Dish widened the scope of awareness of hatful. The Government of Pakistan realized the sensitivity and potential of private electronic media which could not be avoided through verbalize controlled TV only.The politicsal policies regarding electronic media took a different direction, to put this sector. 1. 7 Pakistan electronic media regulatory authority The objective of PEMRA was to regulate the electronic media i. e. Radio and TV. This was necessitated by the decision to allow a large number of private TV and radio channels. The Ordinance also gives a Code of Conduct for media broadcasters/ cable TV operators. â€Å"This Regulatory Body was established under the PEMRA Ordinance 2002, having the following goals in beware” i) Improve the standards of information, education and entertainment.ii) Enlarge the pickaxe available to the nation of Pakistan in the media for news, current affairs, religious knowledge, art, culture, science, technology, economic development, social sector look ups, music, sports, drama and other subjects of public and interior(a) elicit. iii) Facilitate the devolution of responsibility and world author to the grass roots by improving the access of the people to mass media at the local and community level. iv) Ensure accountability, transparence and good governing by optimization of the free flow of information. . ChallengesIn a antiauthoritarian country like Pakistan where freedom of dustup and expression is reassured to every citizen by the Constitution. This original right has to be exercised by all with due care to look into that it whitethorn not incite force play, terrorism, racial, ethnic or religious discrimination, sectarianism, extremism, militancy, hatred, pornography, obscenity, vulgarity or anything offensive to the commonly accepted standards of decency. Similarly, the sanctity of study institutions needs to be loveed at all greets. In this regard, PEMRA has formulated a Code of Conduct for the broadcasters.However, the concept of Self-Regulation is promoted to get on the broadcasters to formulate the rules of the game, themselves. . SECTION-2 FAULT LINES IN content COHESION AND INTEGRATION 2. 1 What is interior(a) desegregation? The concept of discipline integrating is subject to a wide range of interpretations. However, two definitions which catch the essential tonicity of the concept include, â€Å"The creation of a theme semi semi governmental System which supersedes or incorporates all the regional sub-cultures” , and the creation of a â€Å" communal national consciousness, a common national consensus and a common national individuality” .These two definitions appear adequate for workings pur clings as they underline both the governmental as well as the socio- heathen ingredients of the unconscious operate of integration. case viscidity refers to the bonds or â€Å" gum tree” that binds members of society, community or other groups together. The most obvious bonds are ideological, ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural and historic. However, the homogeneousness of a nation is no guarantee of successfully bonding together as a cohesive intact. â€Å"The extent of the little terror posed to the integrity of a state by the multiplicity of languages, races, considers etc., depends on a variety of factors except there are basically two requisites (conflict of ideology and economic decline) which must be present earlier a country may be deemed to be faced with a problem of national disunity. ” The Pakistani society is in transition, and it faces contests but still the national interest is to make Pakistan as a unity-in-diversity and there is an ever-growing need to develop a sympathetic society. â€Å"The balance sheet of social changes in Pakistani society over the bygone half century has both cost and benefits.Pakistani society has split into level-cum-lifestyle segments. Its social institutions do not dovetail into each other; instead fissures of institutional lag run through them. Its cohesiveness has given charge to the fragmentation and the erosion of value and chaste consensus”. 2. 2 Fault Lines in topic Cohesion and Integration in Pakistan Integration or viscidness is an ideal, â€Å"it is not a thing but a process. It is vigor ruled by an inner necessity, world guided in a direction chosen by itself as a goal or rather a series of goals leading to a certain direction ”.National integration and social cohesion is the capacity of a society to ensure the welfare of its all members, minimize disparities and avoid polarization. A cohesive society is in return supportive community of free individuals, pursue these common goals by democratic means. National integration and social cohesion is at risk in Pakistan be exploit of many keep factors, which origin ate within the country or influenced by external reasons. It may also be a complex outlet of interaction between the country forces and stresses and influences of orbicular scenario.The socio- semipolitical factors and socio-economic factors as listed below have contributed to cause fault lines in national cohesion and integration. 2. 3 Socio-Political Factors Intolerance and near absence of civic responsibility, now manifested in our society is indeed the outcome of a stratified structure and social barriers, further and implement by policy approaches in the 80s. Politicizing of trust and language is one major source of fractionalization. â€Å"Presently, the culture and society of Pakistan are in the grip of an unprecedented upheaval.In the post 9/11 world, the political, religious, and the social dynamics in Pakistan have been under major upcountry transformation and intense international scrutiny. pagan and sectarian violence which ravaged the country for the last two d ecades has sharply polarized the society. heterogeneous Islamic religious groups jostle violently for power. Religious reliance, usually a subject of own(prenominal) redemption, is flagrantly flaunted and a immobilize lack of tolerance for difference increasingly defines Pakistani society. ” Constitutional Crisis.The non-agreement and lack of consensus on various revisions and amendments in 1973 constitution remained a contentious issue among the federating units since long. The slow up process of reconciliation and agreement, on this only instrument to govern the state is a life-threatening threat to national cohesion and integration. Provincialism. Imbedded strides of sub national identities engraved into the fabric of the provinces pose an existential threat to national cohesion. This issue is even more pronounced in case of smaller provinces like Khyber Pukhtunwa and Balochistan.Identity crisis regular with in the provinces is tarnishing the very physiology of de mocracy in essence and in dispensation at National level. There are contradictions between national and provincial interests, particularly in mat relating to language, ethnicity, identity, and power. There are small Political groups and movements agitating for their rights, including Baloch issue. Nevertheless, much(prenominal) provincial or regional sentiments swirl within the national cultural pool. Sectarian Intolerance. The voice of society on the basis of sects, tribes, colour and gospel gives rise to intolerance towards other sects.The violence on sectarianism basis is on the rise. The religious intolerance and extremism, and over ferocity on religious identities due to that Pakistani society is facing continuous altercate of terrorism in the name of religion and belief. Political Process and Direction. The directionless political brass rarely delivers to the satisfaction of voters. versatile derivations of political process have no regard for national objectives and nat ional interests and efforts for exercise of these goals for the country are hardly visible. The political system as a whole is driven by conflicting vested interests.The political parties lack democratic norms in their set up and file. Leadership Style and Direction. The political leaders as a whole has failed to see the masses. The trust deficit between the leaders and the people has widened, and is increasing with the passage of time. The social and political positions of so-called ruling elites are just a symbol of treasonably pride without much regard for vision and justice. Non-State Actors. Unorganized political parties have change magnitude the influence of non-state actors in national politics, thereby vested interests are perpetuated, at the cost of national interests.Challenges to the Writ of the Government. The manifestation of this divide is the challenge to the writ of the State in FATA and Malakand cleavage where state infrastructure of governance has been uproot ed, the power elite has been eliminated (either by murder or forced migration) new and parallel structures have been created and the application of Constitution is challenged. â€Å"The so-called Islamic fundamentalists have al elbow rooms been influential in the largely poor, illiterate, and rural Pakistan society.These groups represent a variety of power centres based on an array of belief systems from within Islam. Historically, none of these groups have had much success at the ballot box, but with a strong core of ‘true believers’ with blind faith and unflinching allegiance, they have often been able to display enough Street power to disrupt civil life. Since the war of emancipation in neighbouring Afghanistan in the 1980s, these religious groups have been encouraged and aided by the government of Pakistan and the US State Department.As a allow for they have ‘flourished and proliferated under the exhilarating feeling of jihad. The border between Afghanista n and Pakistan has been porous for centuries because of the grotesque terrain that facilitates traffic and a common tribal ethos that informs the lives of the bordering populace. With the rapid and fearsome Talibanization of Afghanistan and the Mullahisation of Pakistan, the borders for all realistic and ideological purposes dissolved, and these processes played a vital role in the fluctuating social ethos of Pakistan.” War against Terrorism. The country is facing various challenges. The multiple threats and constant pressures are very serious since post 9/11 due to Pakistan’s commitment with westside for fight against terrorism. This involvement is viewed as being done to oblige the West. The suicidal attacks and lick attacks are the result of this involvement. Feudalism / Tribalism. In Pakistan the feudal and tribal society where rights of human being are violated is a matter of concern, people are not free to express their desire to govern.In such circumstances the leadership style is power centred and feudal in character, this leadership enjoys respect because of fear, and not because of trust. â€Å"National and regional culture has, at various times, interwoven and competed with each other. In times when centralization is the ideological thrust, national themes and institutions are in the ascendancy, but when the pendulum swings toward decentralization, regional and ethnic societies and cultures reassert their autonomy.The political ideologies and movements that shift the balance between national and regional social and cultural systems are the markers of Pakistan’s social change. ” Role of Madrassa. There is little control of government over madrassas in the country, these madras do pose a threat to the cohesion of the society in Pakistan, if not regulated adequately. . 2. 4. Socio †economical Factors Socio †Economic disparities. The exiguity and inflation has caused disparities in the society. The people livi ng below the poverty line have increased in number.The unemployment and low income has caused economic imbalance in the society. The division of society and decline in socio-economic standards have adversely impacted the quality of life. drab Governance. Undemocratic & non-participatory governance. . .The perception of governance leading to good governance is flouted; concepts of transparentness and accountability are misleading in Pakistani experience. The accountability is selective and by choice, its aim is not to reform the society of negative practices, but to benefit the fittest and powerful.The people have no faith in the system of governance and accountability. Violation of charitable Rights. The human rights violation is on the increase, the weaker segments of the population even do not get the rights given in the constitution and the mockery remains ignorance on their part of basic rights bestowed by the constitution. â€Å"The perception of women as having a lowe r spatial relation at all levels is the principle barrier in the way of gender equality and is reinforced by customary practises and the laws of the land.Women education, health, labour force participation, mobility, decision making etc, all reflect the preposterous situation of women in Pakistan. ” Personal protective cover Perception. The constant engagement of population in this war against terrorism has changed its perception of personal security. The people have doubts about the success of governmental policies. Loyalty towards State / laissez-faire(a) behaviour. The notion of loyalty towards state is blurred, people’s expectation of justice and fair play are shattered, and therefore, their loyalty towards State is also undermined.The individualism has replaced collectivism; the bigger societal group is vanished. The conflicts of values, beliefs, and other sociological imbalances has damaged the national fabric and has caused segmentation on the basis of caste a nd class Justice and chemical formula of law. The justice is incertain; the rules of game are settled by abuse of power. The respect for justice is cerebrate with status and position of the seeker. The attitude towards Rule of Law is very negative, law disruption is considered as a pride for the powerful.Due to delayed justice people have illogical hope in the system to get justice. Violence against Women and minorities â€Å"Many Analysts are in agreement that women’s poor status as well as poverty is rooted in social and cultural organization of society”. The rights of the women are abused, and such abuse is referred to the culture and customs and here- say, this exploitation is devoid of any ideological, religious and effective and Constitutional basis. The religious minorities are exist and do face violence at their religious places, thereby show concern of threat and personal security.â€Å"Empowering women is a challenge, requires changes in the existing class and caste based structure and it needs a focussed and active public delivery system to ensure that resources and opportunities earmarked for women reach them” Mistrust in Criminal Justice System. The people do not have trust in criminal justice system, and lack of trust generates uncertainty and confusion in the society. â€Å"In Pakistani society, the administration plays a glacial role in articulating and enforcing rules of conduct for its citizens. The judiciary derives its legitimacy and power from the constitution. ”\r\n'

'Culture Within Organizations: Southwest Airlines\r'

'A finish is a set of determine that ar adopted by tidy sum who co-habit any(prenominal) engineer. It consists of shared traits and lifestyles. Within an brass section, elaboration refers to values and norms that are prevalent end-to-end the bringplace and amongst the employees. This includes their mannerisms, posts, and puddle ethic. Culture inwardly an organization exerts control over the demeanor of people. Growth and achiever of a keep federation depends crowingly on the type of gloss which is prevalent at heart an organization. Many distinct types of goal exist in headachees today.Certain subtletys push employees to work up and grow to aimher as a familyâ€thereby creating superstar. Others whitethorn place emphasis on higher be employees, which leaves those at the bottom of the hierarchy acrid or resentful, creating a workplace which may non be friendly or comfortable. Some companies may opt to tholepin to what they k promptly, thereby stifling c reative thinking and harvest-festival by eliminating experimentation. On the other hand, a party may be as well modernistic and alship canal looking for smart thoughts and taking new risks.Although this sounds swell in theory, it may lead to an unstable work environs. Culture can either construct or break an organization. Culture is non a tangible object. It is the result of focussing’s beliefs and values and employees’ implementation of those beliefs and values. It exists within all organizations and can be determined, for example, by looking at the dress cypher within the workplace. It can excessively be seen by observing employee interaction and doings. cardinal and only(a) can also get an idea of an organization’s destination by taking note of its packings with those right(prenominal) of the social club (i. . guest service). Culture even outs up the constitution of an organization. It is crucial that a substantiative(p) organizational assimilation is weed, taught and adhered to. It can be used to improve the efficiency and work ethic of employees in an organization. It also has a powerful influence over the behavior of privates and drives per skeletonance of the workforce. A strong personality adds character to an individual. Likewise, organizational culture gives a business its own special identity. It creates unity among employees and embeds in them the spirit of teamwork.An example of an organization which has a strong culture that has helped it flesh out(a) in the aviation industry is southwestern Airlines. southwestern United States Airlines (SWA) was founded by Rollin King, M. Lamar Muse and herbaceous plant Kelleher in 1966. They began servicing Dallas, Houston and San Antonio in 1971, later on winning a legal involution fought in the U. S. Supreme Court. The airline started make by offering six effortless roundtrip flights in the midst of Dallas and San Antonio, and 12 daily roundtrip flights amid Dallas and Houston.They began with one simple notion: â€Å"If you get your passengers to their destinations when they call for to get there, on time, at the lowest possible fares, and make whoreson sure they have a good time doing it, people lead go away your airline” (www. southwest. com). This notion has guide to a very singular culture at SWAâ€one that puts guest service at its center. This can be seen with their military commission statement, as per their website: â€Å"dedication to the highest quality of guest Service delivered with a sentiency of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and social club Spirit”.Their exemplary form of client service comes as a direct result of how employees at SWA are treated. â€Å"We are committed to grant our Employees a stable work environment with represent opportunity for learning and personal growth. creativity and innovation are further for ameliorate the effectiveness of southwestern Airlines . Above all, Employees will be provided the same c formerlyrn, respect, and caring attitude within the organization that they are pass judgment to share externally with every southwestward Customer” (Freiberg and Freiberg).SWA management has created a culture where employees are treated as the company’s number one asset. on that point is limited emphasis on conventional organizational structure and the work environment combines humor with responsibility. Their happy workforce creates upper limit productivityâ€willingly. Trust and respect between the workers and management is an implicit in(p) part of the company’s success. SWA has exemplified that culture starts from within. Passion shown on the inside will reflect outwards and customers will see it. SWA has been able to do this consistently.Customers see the passion exerted by SWA employees and it makes them want to travel with them. The uplifting, spirited personalities of employees keep customers adve nt back for more. This can be seen in the fact that SWA has consecutively recorded meshwork for the uttermost 40 years (www. southwest. com). The positive attitudes exerted by SWA employees are contagious and trickle down to its customers. As reported on the company website, â€Å"Southwest Airlines has consistently authentic the lowest ratio of complaints per passengers boarded of all major(ip) U. S. arriers that have been reporting statistics to the Department of raptus since September 1987. ” The spirit that exists throughout SWA empowers its employees to accept in themselves, the service they are providing, the business as a whole, and the customers that they work on. The unique culture keeps employee esprit de corps high. All employees, including flight attendants, customer service reps, and baggage handlers, are encouraged to school whatever action they nurse necessary to meet customer require or help fellow workers (Milliman). This has led to both employee an d customer loyalty.Employees feel necessary which results in a devotion to the company. In contort, customers pass exceptional service where they truly are put first, creating a sense of belonging. Much of SWA’s success is receivable to the willingness of its leadership to be innovative. Founder herbaceous plant Kelleher studied California- metrical unitd Pacific Southwest Airlines extensively and used many of the airline’s ideas to form the corporate culture at Southwest. Early on, they adopted the â€Å"Long Legs and neat Nights” theme for stewardesses on board emblematic Southwest Airlines flights.They selected beautiful flight attendants with unique personalities and dressed them in hot bloomers and go-go boots to ensure a shimmer and one-of-a-kind traveler’s experience (http://avstop. com). Operating out of Love Field, â€Å"love” became their promotional theme. race attendants would serve â€Å"love potions” and â€Å"love b ites” (otherwise cognize as drinks and peanuts) to the companys clientele of mostly virile business fliers (Pederson). Many decisions do by Kelleher have enhanced positive outcomes for SWA. For example, since its inception, SWA chose to buy its technical airplanes from one manufacturer.This decision has allowed them to decrease working(a) expenses, as well as annul maintenance and repair cost for their large fleet. By choosing a single supplier, the gather up for customer support, maintenance, monitoring, training, etc. has been reduced, thereby diminution costs for the company. They have also weakened the time it takes to perform ground duties, once their airplanes land. This has led to a quicker reversion time for the next flight to take off, thereby leading to values for the company.Another lead by SWA which keeps competitors at bay is their reservation system. Reservations are taken only through the internet, thereby reducing costs of use ticket counter empl oyees. This method saves both the customer and the airline time and money. Kelleher’s paradigm for success starts with the core of the companyâ€its employees. Hiring motivated people and allowing them to incorporate their creativity in day-to-day activities is key. By vainglorious employees decision making abilities, they are made to feel grave.A sense of pride takes motif within each(prenominal) employee, which positively impacts the customers that they deal with. This is reflected in their work output and creates great efficiency, which leads to profitability for the company. Additionally, happier employees are able to provide better customer service, in turn making the experience an all nigh positive one. As Amy Marhoffer, Culture communication theory and Planning specialist at SWA puts it, â€Å" happy Employees=Happy Customers=Increased Business/ gain=Happy Shareholders. Although compensation is often viewed as the number one motivator, Kelleher understands th e importance that employee morale plays. A little bit of fun can translate into a people of productivity. Bailey explains how positive morale can produce more efficiency: â€Å"SWA, after apply cuts at other airlines, has the industry’s highest wages. But because of efficient work habits, mensurable in how much it spends to fly a passenger a given distance, its costs are the lowest among big airlines” (Bailey).It is important to note that the success of SWA is due not only to the culture solely also its ability to adapt to the industry’s needs. The airline industry in particular, is one that is heavily dependent on customer service; the happier customers are, the more positive their experience will be. Unfortunately, there is plenty of untapped productivity among corporations stuck in the old ways of oppression and tyranny. Kelleher’s approach shows that he understands people; he allows them to be themselves, which creates a positive work environment an d a desire to be the high hat.He has roaringly created a culture that has the properties of fun, entertainment and genuine circumspection at its core. When Southwest started in 1971 they were in effect(p) a small regional carrier flying from Houston to Dallas. Over the course of the last 40+ years, they have successfully expand into a major airline carrier. SWA is now Americas largest low-fare carrier, serving more customers domestically than any other airline. They are comprised of nearly 46,000 employees and serve more than 100 million customers each year.SWA operates more than 3,000 flights a day, with its subsidiary AirTran operational an additional 520 flights a day (www. southwest. com). They would not be where they are today without the innovative thinking of its leaders and the strong culture they created. Although corporate culture is not a tangible object, the results of a successful culture will produce tangible success. SWA has positioned itself for free-enterpris e(a) advantage by creating a work environment which permits people to be their best selves and consistently outperform their competitors.It has been able to create and sustain a strong, positive culture which attracts not only the best talent, but a loyal customer base as well. The tremendous growth and profit of SWA brings to light how corporate culture, employee morale and customer service can play an integral part in the overall success of a corporation. These intangible elements are what make SWA an excellent example of a successful corporate culture. Works Cited AvStop Aviation word of honor and Resource Online Magazine. â€Å"History of Southwest Airlines” http://avstop. om/ narrative/historyofairlines/southwest. html) Bailey, Jeff (2008) â€Å"Southwest. Way Southwest” The New York propagation Freiberg, K. & Freiberg, J. (1996) Nuts! Southwest Airlines Crazy expression for Business and Personal Success. New York: Broadway Marhoffer, Amy. (2011) â€Å"So uthwest Airlines â€Å"Gets It” With Our Culture” http://www. blogsouthwest. com/blog/southwest-airlines-â€Å"gets-it”-our-culture Pederson, Jay P. (2005) International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 71. St. James Press Southwest Airlines Co. (2013) ”Southwest Airlines” http://www. southwest. com/\r\n'

'Internet has made classroom-based lessons redundant Essay\r'

' perpetu tot eitheryy since the creation of the meshing in 1990, the applications on this 21st century program surrender gr stimulate exponentially, ranging from study tools to online markets. With much(prenominal) tools, schools and institutions be unnecessary. In a recent mess conducted by Babson Survey Research Group, it was put in that 77 percent of the academic leaders agreed that the rate of perking outcomes via online information is superior to classroom development. One mogul theorise that the internet has a blanket(a) range of information, but with such a various spectrum, it would be tough to suck up a fixed pipeline. This would cause students the disport from original objectives, and hinder the cultivation process. However, critics flush it to consider that this would allow students to plan their own preferred course. A preferred course would enhance a student’s education as they leave tho study topics or courses which they atomic military issu e 18 interest in.\r\nFurther more than(prenominal) than, educational websites such as caravan inn Academy stick outs students with a course enlist and would also show their progress everywhere the years. Thus, students would rich person a course draw to follow and keep track of their learning. In contrary to popular belief, educational platforms fix multiple users and these sites allows students to chat online on forums and chats, several(prenominal) even hasten notes and lectures created by students to put right others. Such functions would grant students a fall out to exchange knowledge and improve both(prenominal) parties’ proficiency. P2PU †Peer-to-Peer University is one such MOOC â€massive online circulate course which incorporated these functions. More than 50 percent of the responses from a MOOC survey bedevil agreed that MOOCs have sufficeed them in their wee-wee or studies. Not provided did MOOCs help academically, they helped decrease the gender gap by 20 per cent as comp atomic number 18d to ceremonious education.\r\nAs such, MOOCs plunder benefit the education both academically and socially. MOOCs also provide an informal setting for students to study in. In a classroom environment, there are strict rules and etiquette. With several dozens of students in a class, students may not happen comfortable to ask questions and would have to weigh the teacher after the less(prenominal)on. Without such regulations, students piece of tail openly ask questions and would not liveliness uncomfortable. In addition, unlike traditional schooling, MOOCs can be accessed 24/7, regardless of location. This would go through time differences and geographical boundaries. Participants can learn anytime they are comfortable to. Eventhough students may be travelling, they can until now learn and apply full use of their time, instead of cleanup position time by playing games or listening to music.\r\nTherefore, MOOCs can help stude nts by allowing them to harness their time well and adult them the courage to ask questions. Traditional schools do their student intake by limiting them by their age, gender, highest qualification achieved, and their grades. Online schools currently do not reject or relegate students according to measures mentioned above. This allows muckle of all demographic backgrounds to participate and learn as long as they have a static internet connection. By nullifying these domains, not only would there be a bigger number of students, the both sides can have a broader perspective of situations around the world. Lecturers on MOOCs are world-class academics, achieving degrees from top colleges and institutions all over the world.\r\nAs compared to teachers in conventional schools, these lecturers would have a more diverse and deep knowledge. They would be able to break off ‘inculcate’ students and conduct the tutorial more efficiently. After completing courses, students wo uld be given up certificates of accomplishment. Almost 80% of the universities in ground forces accept such certificates and can be used for admission to old-school learning modules. Students of all backgrounds would hence have an opportunity to excel and have an internationally-recognised certificate. Although many of these MOOCs and other platforms have not gained worldwide recognition yet, it would, in the near future, being proportional to the pro animatenessration of the internet and smart phones. Online education will fetch a significant chapter in the write up of humans, collectible to helping millions with a individual(a) video. Despite being effective, traditional learning styles would have to be phased out with the advance of this phenomenon.\r\n1. Do you agree that city life is becoming increasingly un pleasing? (YES) (CP + CA) of all time since the proliferation of heavy machinery, a growing cast of people are being slopped by the noise pollution of cities. city dwellers have to endure the daily, unceasing aggravation from shrill sound of all sorts. The rending sound of colliding metals from ongoing construction, the piercing throw up of horns from vehicles or even the accumulating talking among people have gradually do most cities become less attractive days by days. Because of these concomitantors, it is easy to clear why most retirees are lamentable to the outskirt of their cities to enjoy the rest of their lives. 90 percent of elderly in the regular army are trying to save their specie daily in order to displace to the peaceful coast which is surrounded by the deep blue sea with pause sound waves.\r\nEven in less developed countries like Vietnam, places which give people the most pleasure are still villages with ultimate green paddy fields. every(prenominal) over the world, cities are about to be places to work only, not for living. The excessive urban noise that is only going to append in the coming years will conti nue to eat away at the urban fantasy.1 One might say that cities are becoming safer from abuse. With a more efficient police and advanced technology, syndicates would be discouraged to commit crime due to its high hey risks. However, critics fail to consider that attractions would be a ‘honeypot’ to syndicates. An increasing number of tourists visiting a city, would equate to crime rates growing exponentially.\r\nThis is caused by the immense numbers of tourists who flock to attractions, causing guards to be unable to have a overview of the actions of people. Residents of the city would therefore have to take precautions against such crime, rendering the city’s residents to be . The Louvre in Paris has an one-year average of 8.9 million tourists visiting. Despite the fact that an adequate force of over a thousand security officers are hired in the museum, crime rates are high and constantly growing in the cosmopolitan. Cities are thus getting more vulnerable to crime and its attraction to mankind is constantly decreasing.2\r\n'

'Doctor of Pharmacy Admission Essay\r'

'My name is Cidone Saintvil, and I am 33years old. I am currently aid Broward College in Davie, Florida. I beget selected pharmacy as a c beer because with the course of my life I reserve seen how much people come to think on their apothecary.Growing up, I saw that patients do not perpetually deport association about medicines and often they are timid to speak to their doctor about how they should confine medications.  The person people turn to for advocate and for clarification of medical questions is their pharmacist.I check k presentlying a great business deal everywhere the last few years, but I know there is much to a greater extent than that I back tooth influence.  My long-term aspiration is to become pharmacist.  My immediate goal is to poke out to learn as much as I can to be able to financial aid my patients to become knowledgeable on the importance of their medications. I believe that the twist around of chemists program lead avail me achieve both of these goals.I come from the said(prenominal) socioeconomic mise en scene as some(prenominal) of the patients that come to the pharmacies that I have worked in.  I am bilingual which result help in situations where a patient take something explained in their native language. I can interpret and counsel these patients easily on how and why they need to take their medications.My parents are elderly, so I have a very entire apprehension of how to deal with elderly customers.  M either pharmacists do not realize the amount of patience and understanding that is needed to help the elderly and waiver with my m distinguishable or father to clunk up a medication for them, I have seen how exasperated a pharmacist can get when my parents ask them a lot of questions.  I also have a good moral subject and I believe that I will serve as a authority model for future pharmacists.In July of 2003, I achieved my evidence as a Certified drugstore Technician in Jul y of 2003.  I have been attendance Broward College and the classes that I have taken there have given me a good foundation on which to build other essential knowledge that I will learn in the Doctor of pharmaceutics program.I have been lettered throughout my education by Morris Bellman, a pharmacist.  Mr. Bellman has been a mentor and a friend and he has taught me many important lessons, lessons that I treasure greatly.  He has taught me the importance of the way that prescription drugs are administered, what the possible side effects of different drugs are, and about the cost and availability of generic drugs that can be substituted for the prescription equivalent.I have learned a deal by reading the most current intellectual papers in the field of pharmacy.  I sense of smell I am now prepared for the next stride in my educational journey, the Doctor of pharmacy program.For the ult 11 years I have worked in various positions dealing with medication and patients. From January 1998 to 2003, I held the positions of a material private instructor and a customer service work at Caremark Mail Order Pharmacy in Weston, Florida.In July of 2003, I received my testimony and since my certification I have been works for Soliant Health (formerly called Cardinal Health) as a pharmacy technician.  With every job that I have held, I have learned a great deal and I have always been eager to learn more and feel each chance has further prepared me for my next step which is admission to the Doctor of Pharmacy program.In closing, I feel that my personal and professional background generates me an excellent candidate for this program.  I am a hard worker, self motivated and I am looking to make a change.  I have always felt that a pharmacist is more then just the dispenser of medications.  I feel that the pharmacist is supposed to be somebody who has the best interest of the patient in mind and is there to help them with any and all questions.\ r\n'

'The Dishonesty of Honest People\r'

'Focus on twain implements that masses employ to maintain their irresponsible egotism-concept: digitisation and circumspection to standards. 2. Overview of guess and Hypothesis Theory”. The possibleness of self-concept maintenance suggests that state typic severally(prenominal)(a)y act dis prise fittedly and achieve tabuside(a) benefits from said acts, but simply to the utmost that their carriage take overs forgets them to maintain a positive view of themselves in terms of organism safe. Hypothesis: The stuffs main hypothesis stems from the theory of self- concept maintenance (explained above). People look this motivational dilemma †gaining from carping vs.. principal(prenominal)taining a positive self-concept as bonnie individuals †take to the woods to lap up it adaptively by kick downstairsing a balance amidst he deuce motivating forces. They do so in order to acquire some pecuniary benefit from behaving dishonestly while still maintai ning their positive self- concept. 1 . The band of welcome fraud is reverberateed by inherent reward visitations. 2. The size of this band depends on ones ability to categorize actions as something new(prenominal) than dishonest, as well as the concern that they pay to their standards for honesty at the date of the dishonest act.Although there may be m any ways to find such(prenominal) a compromise, the line of business focuses on cardinal start upicular means; categorization and tutelage to standards. Categorization: The dissect explains, ‘When this mechanism is activated, masses can categorize their actions in more(prenominal) compatible terms, find rationalizations for their actions, and ultimately exclude triggering any(prenominal) negative self-signals that might hazard their self-concept, which go out indeed non bring in updated”. Two grievous aspects of categorization be its relative peace and its limit. The exact ease/difficult of an act is typically specify by its context.The study uses the following utilisation †â€Å"Intuition suggests that it is easier to steal a OIC draw from a friend than to teal OIC out of this friends wallet to buy a pencil, be perplex the former scenario offers more possibilities to categorize the action in terms that ar compatible with knowledge (he took a pencil from me once; this is what friends do). ” It besides suggests that ones ability to categorize acts has a limit beyond which people can no longer deny their obvious wrongdoings. The study seeks to define said threshold.Attention to Standards: When people atomic number 18 mindful Of their deliver example standards any dishonest action is more credibly to be reflected in their self- concept (they will update their self-concept as a instant of their actions), which in turn will cause them to adhere to a stricter definition of an honest and a dishonest act. However, when individuals ar non mindful of thei r own moral standards their actions are not measured relative to them, and therefore their self-concept is slight exchangeablely to be updated, and their behavior is identically to diverge from their standards.Thus, the attendance to standards mechanism predicts that in cases in which ones moral standards are more accessible, people will give way to confront the meaning of their actions more quick and therefore be more honest. stocky PHI: Dishonesty will summation as individuals pay less aid to their own standards for honesty. PH: Dishonesty will increase when individuals face situations that are more easily categorized in honesty-compatible terms. PH: wedded the opportunity to be dishonest, individuals will be dishonest up to a direct that does not force them to update their self-concept. . Overview of methodology Experiment 1: Moral monitor Two deoxycytidine monophosphate twenty-nine students take upicipated in this experiment, which beed of a 2- assess paradigm as part of a broader experimental session with multiple, uncorrelated paper-and-pencil projections that appeared together in a toilet. 1 . In the first job, respondents were asked to either bring through down the names of 10 books they had order in high school (no moral reminder) or the Ten Commandments (moral reminder). They had two legal proceeding to complete this chore. . In the min parturiency from each one student authorized two yellow journalisms of paper: a test tack and an suffice plane. The test tack consisted of 20 matrices. Participants had tetrad transactions in which to find two numbers per matrix that added up to 10. Experiment 2: Honor rule Two hundred seven students participated in this experiment. Two factors in the midst of participants were manipulated: the amount acquire per justly loved matrix (ICC and $2) and the attention to standards ( take for, reprocess, cycle+honor enactment). 1.The control and cycle disciplines were identica l to those in the previous experiment, pull up this magazine, the experimenter stipendiary each participant, and the task lasted vanadium minutes. 2. The recycle+honor code pattern was similar to the recycle creator invite out that respondents were asked to sign a statement visual aspect at the top of the test tabloid that read: â€Å"l understand that this pithy survey falls under Mitts [Yales] honor system”; below the statement, participants printed and signed their names.Thus, the nor code statement appeared on the same sheet as the matrices, and this sheet was recycled before participants submitted their answer sheets. Experiment 3: Token step in Four hundred fifty students participated in this experiment. Participants had five minutes to complete this task and were promised SOC for each turnly solved matrix. trio be;en-subjects conditions were used: the control and recycle conditions that we used in Experiment 2, and a recycle+token condition.The latter cond ition was similar to the recycle condition, except that participants knew that each doly solved matrix would reach them 1 ken, which they would exchange for ICC a fewer seconds later. When the five minutes ended, participants in the recycle+token condition recycled their test sheet and submitted simply their answer sheet to an experimenter, who gave them the jibe number of tokens. Participants then went to a second experimenter, who exchanged the tokens for money (this experimenter too paid the participants in the control and recycle conditions).Experiment 4: Four-Task Paradigm Forty-four students participated in this experiment, which consisted of a four- task paradigm-?a matrix task, a psycheality test, a prediction task, and a second matrix task. 1 . ground substance 1: The same control and recycle conditions Of the matrix task from Experiment 2 were repeated. Participants randomly assigned to either of these two conditions had five minutes to complete the task and receiv ed SOC per correctly solved matrix.The only difference from Experiment 2 was that all participants (notes those in the recycle condition) were asked to report how many matrices they had solved correctly. Participants in the control condition submitted both the test and the answer sheets to the experimenter, who sustain their answers. Those in the recycle notation recycle their test and just handed in their answers. 2. Personality Test: 10-item tests were handed out, and introduce in these tests was two questions related to self-definition as it relates to honesty.One question asked how honest a person they considered themselves to be on a outmatch from O (not at all) to 100 ( very(prenominal)). The other(a) question asked participants how they thought of themselves at the time of the survey in contrast to the sidereal day before in terms of organism a moral person on a scale from -5 (much worse) to 5 (much better). 3. foresight Task: Participants would next participate in a se cond vive-minute matrix task. forward taking part in it their task was to predict how many matrices they would be able to solve and indicate how confident they were with their predictions on a scale from 0 (not at all) to 100 (very).Before making these predictions, it was made urinate to participants that the next matrix task left field no room to over-claim as the experimenter would buffalo chip the results. Furthermore, participants were informed that this second test would consist of a different set of matrices, and the defrayment would depend on both the true statement of their prediction and their performance. If their prediction was 00% accurate, they would earn ICC per correctly solved matrix, but for each matrix they solved more or less than what they predicted, their payment per matrix would be reduced by C.The experimenter emphasized that this payment project meant that it was in their best interests to be as accurate as possible in their predictions and to solve as m any matrices as they could. 4. Matrix 2: The final task was the matrix task (as in the control condition) with a different set of numbers. The immaculate experiment thus represented a two- condition, between-subjects design, differing only in the first matrix task possibility to cheat).The three stay tasks (a personality test, a prediction task, and a second matrix task) were the same for all participants. Experiment 5 One hundred eight students participated in this experiment. Two factors were manipulated between participants: the ability to cheat (control and recycle, as in Experiments 2 and 3) and beliefs about the number of matrices that the average out student solves in the time administer (four matrices, which is the accurate number, or eight matrices which was an exaggeration).As before, the videodisk was the number of matrices reported solved. Experiment 6 This experiment entailed multiple, small sessions, in which each participant sat in a private booth (total of 326 pa rticipants). The first part of the procedure remained the same for all four conditions, but the second part varied. wholly participants received a test with 50 multiple-choice, general knowledge questions, had 15 minutes to answer the questions, and were promised OIC for each question they solve correctly. aft(prenominal)wards the 15 minutes, participants received a â€Å" erupt sheet onto which to transfer their answers. The manipulation of the four conditions pertained to the symbol of house of cards sheet ND to what participants had to do with it after transferring their answers. 1 Control: Participants received a standard ripple sheet. When they finished transferring their answers, they handed both the test and the spill the beans sheet to the experimenter who checked their answers, summed the number of correct answers, and paid them. 2.No-recycle (first treason condition): The ruffle sheet had the correct answers pre-marked, which prompted a dilemma for participants wh en they confront a question they had answered incorrectly on their test sheet; they could be honest and mark the corresponding incorrect ricer on the bubble sheet or be dishonest and mark the correct circle. After participants finished transferring their answers, they summed up the number of their correct answers, wrote that number at the top of the bubble sheet, and handed both the test and the bubble sheet to the experimenter, who paid them according to their self-summed score.In this condition, subjects could cheat with some risk that the experimenter might move it if she compared the test to the bubble sheet. 3. Recycle (second rig condition): This condition was similar to the no-recycle condition, with the preference that participants were instructed, after transferring their answers to the pre-marked bubble sheet, to walk to a elementder, whit their original test sheet, and take only the bubble sheet to the experimenter, at which signify they would be paid accordingly. Be cause of the shredding, this condition offered a lower probability of cosmos caught cheating. 4.Recycle+ (third cheating condition): This condition decreased the probability of existence caught even further by instructing participants to shred both their test sheet and the bubble sheet, walk over to a adult jar with money at the recessional of the room, ND take the amount they earned. In addition, by making the payment â€Å"self; service”, the recycle+ condition eliminated any interactions with the experimenter, thereby decreasing social concerns with cheating. 4. Main Findings 1. Given the opportunity, people will run in dishonest behaviors. 2. Increasing attention to natural honesty standards decreases the tendency for dishonesty. . Allowing more flexible categorization increases the tendency for dishonesty. 4. The order of dishonesty is largely insensitive to either the expected external benefits or cost associated with dishonest acts. 5. People know that their act ions are dishonest but do not update their self- concepts. 5. Application Economics: â€Å"The theory we propose can in tenet be incorporated into economic models. most formalization related to our theory appears in recent economic theories of utility minimisation based on models of self-signaling (Abdomen and Propel 2001 ) and individualism (Bnabob and Triple 2004, 2006).These recent approaches convey a slowly spreading conviction among economists that to study moral and social norms, altruism, reciprocity, or asocial behavior, we must understand the underlying psychological titivation that vary endogenously with the environment. These models can be adopted to account for self-concept maintenance by incorporating categorization and attention: change order attention to personal standards for honesty (meta-utility function and saliency parameter s 1, respectively) and flexibility for categorization (interpretation function and probability 1-0, respectively).The data presented herein offer further guidance on the development of such models. In our minds, the inter snap between these formal models and the empirical evidence we cater represents a fruitful and promising query direction. Psychology: â€Å"Some insights regarding the functional from in which the external and internal rewards work together emerge from the data, and these determinations also could appropriate reusable paths for further investigations in both economics and psychology. For example, the results in Experiment 6 showed that change magnitude the level of external costs (probability of being caught) did not decrease the level of dishonesty.This finding raises the possibility of a relationship that appears like a step function in which dishonesty up to a real level is trivial, but beyond that threshold, it takes on a more serious, ND costly, meaning. ” 6. Limitations of query 1 . Arguably, at some establish at which the external rewards lead very high, they should temp t the person sufficiently to range (because the reward is much larger than the internal costs), such that ultimately behavior would be largely influenced by external rewards. 2.Another important applied speculation involves the long suit experiment. As society moves away from cash, and electronic exchanges become more prevalent, long suits are rapidly increasing in the economy. Again, if we take the results at face value, we should pay particular attention to dishonesty in hose new mediums (e. G. , backdating stocks), because they provide opportunities for under-the-radar dishonesty. Another interesting observation is that the medium experiment did not only allow people to cheat more, but it also increased the level of maximal cheating.In the medium experiment we observed 24 participants who cheated maximally, which indicated that the tokens not only allowed people to elevate their welcome magnitude of dishonesty but also liberated some participants from the shackles of their mo rality altogether. â€Å"When we consider the applied implications of these results, we must emphasize that our findings stem from experiments not with criminals but with students at elect(ip) universities, people who likely will play important roles in the advancement of this agricultural and who seem a lot like us and others we know.The prevalence of dishonesty among these people and the finding that on an individual level, the magnitude of dishonesty was typically somewhat honest rather than completely dishonest suggests that we dedicate tapped into what common, everyday behavior is about. As portmanteau word and Chin (1993) conclude, people seem to be moral relativists in their everyday lives.\r\n'

'Are There Blind Spots in Our Eyes?\r'

'Are in that respect Blind tactual sensation in Our middlefields? ABSTRACT Our nerveball be vital organs because they help us enter our surroundings. But atomic number 18 our centerfields perfect in seeing what’s proper in battlefront of us? Sadly I learned in our evolution, nature messed up at iodine insinuate and gave us artifice names in our centres. This project shows wherefore we agree these trick drifter, how to discover them, and how broad they ar. I enquiryed on how our malls see things; why when greenbackinal spunk is closed, the former(a) centre of attention some whiles can’t see what’s in front of it. I excessively found during my research a economy that is used to estimate the sizing of a gentle eye’s ruse spot.I performed an experiment using Blind Spot foot race broadsheet I made to verify the public of finesse spots in my eyes. I alike collected data while canvassing to follow the surface of my scr eenland spot. I learned the sizing of eyes’ blind spots varies in congeneric to the size of the homosexual eyes. QUESTION Are thither any blind spots in our eyes? If there ar, how do we catch out them, and how big are they? VARIABLES Dependent Variable: Size of the blind spot in our eye Independent Variable: diam of the eye Experimental root Controlled Variables For Each Group Child Test yield MeAdult Test Subject My Mom HYPOTHESIS If I close one of my eyes, using a shew razz pronounced with different symbols then I can find my other eye’s blind spot. put up a ruler/yard set out to enlist measurements; I can estimate the size of that blind spot too. I think the large the human beings eye, the bigger the blind spot is. BACKGROUND question The following diagram shows the anatomy of a human eye (New comment of Laruelle’s ‘Biography of the Eye’). Our eyes see things when hoy reflects off the objects goes through with(predicate) the pup il and sends the information to our brainpowerpowers.The eye and brain get together as a group that after the information gets delivered to the brain as electro-chemical signal, it is interpreted, or â€Å"seen”, as images (WebMD). The first layer of our eye is the cornea. It is made of a clear tissue and protects the eye comparable a see through glass cover. More importantly, it helps the eye focus on an object while swallow passes through it. The iris, a colorful part of the eye around the pupil behind the cornea contracts or dilates to carry the amount of fall that goes into the pupil. The pupil at the center of the iris is an opening that lets the clear(p) into the eye (Your Eyes).After light enters the pupil, it passes through the lens behind. The lens functions just like a camera lens so that it focuses the light and beams it onto the retina, the light receptor at the patronise of the eye. The retina’s surface is flat and smooth, and it acts like a pic screen or the film of a 35mm camera. However, conflicting a screen or a film, the retina in any case has some other features, one of which is the light sensors that get word light. After the retina detects light, it permutes the light into electro-chemical signals. These signals then exit the back of the eye via optical nerves and get direct to the brain for processing (WebMD).There is a little bailiwick on the retina where the optical nerves are abandoned to the eyeball at one end and connects to the brain on the other end. This spot of the retina contains no light sensors. Without light sensors the retina cannot sense light, therefore if light hits that spot, it cannot convert the light into electro-chemical signal and pass the information to the brain to â€Å"see”. This forms a blind spot on the eye. The blind spot however, doesn’t affect our muckle because our brain â€Å"ignores” it. Also having a pair of eyes, one eye can back up the other eyeâ₠¬â„¢s blind spot so that we have a clear vision to the highest degree of the time.This is why people usually don’t notice the effects of blind spots (Kingfisher 114). There are ways to quiz human eye’s blind spot. Scientists also discovered formula to estimate the size of our blind spots. Depending on the size of our eyes, we each have unique blind spots. substantial LIST A cardboard card rough 3 x 5 in (or 8 x 10 cm) in dimension subdued Marker to draw symbols on the cardboard card Ruler/Yard Stick A draw to record the data EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE a good deal people use the following experiment (Exploratorium), or its variation to examination for blind spots exist in our eyes:Make a test card using the cardboard material. Use a contraband marker pen to draw a black cluster and a mishandle on the deuce edges of the card. Make sure the dot and the brush are on the same level. Hold the test card away at an arm’s length and at eye level, while the other hand holds a yardstick just to a lower place the left eye. Put the test card on top of the meter stick. Make sure the cross on the test card is on the right hand side. Close your right eye and discern at the cross with your left eye. At this point, you should also be able to see the black dot. decoct on the cross and move the test card towards you by sliding it along the yardstick slowly.At a certain point, the black dot will vanish from your vision. Record the measurement on the meter stick when that happens. Continue to move the test card beforehand; you’ll notice the black dot will re-emerge again. You can also test for the other eye by closing your left eye instead. This time you should look directly at the black dot with your right eye, and as you move the test card closer to you, you should notice the cross disappear and appear again. DATA AND DISCUSSION The following is the formula for finding the size of the blind spot of a human eye: S/m = d/ tumultuousness this equation, S is the size of the blind spot on the eye, m is the distance of pupil to retina, estimated by the diameter of the eye, d is the size of the black dot on the test card, and D is the distance from eye to the test card (Exploratorium). Thus, to solve for S, we have: S = d/D * m To perform the experiment, I have two test subjects: my mom and myself. We measured the diameter of each of our eyes as following: my eye is roughly 2 cm, and my mom’s eye is about 2. 5 cm. Then we stepped through the preceding(prenominal) experimental procedure, and wrote down the data.Experimental Data Black venereal infection SizeDistance between eye to test card when black dot disappeared Andy Eye diameter = 2 cm0. 25 in ~= 0. 635 cm11. 75 in ~= 29. 845 cm Andy’s Mom Eye diameter = 2. 5 cm 0. 25 in ~= 0. 635 cm13 in ~= 33. 02 cm found on the data collected, I calculated my blind spot is approximately 0. 0426 cm, or 4. 26 mm in diameter; and my mom’s blind spot is rough ly 0. 048 cm, or 4. 8 mm in diameter. Since her eye is slightly larger than mine, her blind spot is a tiny bit bigger than mine as well. I wish I were able to find more test subjects for my experiment.However, I couldn’t find other people to assay the experiment. CONCLUSION In conclusion there are blind spots in the eyes and my speculation was even off. The experiment shows there is a blind spot in the corner of our eye because of the optic nerve, and that the size of the blind spot differs from person to person. Our blind spots are an evolutionary defect. Nature was able to correct it by making us have two eyes so we could see clearer and we have a bigger vision field. With that being said we are at the end of my research paper. I confide you enjoyed our little adventure. ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to thank my mom, Jane, for being my test subject for my experiment. WORK CITED 1. â€Å"Blind Spot: To see, or not to see”, Exploratorium, http://www. exploratorium. ed u/snacks/blind_spot/index. hypertext mark-up language 2. â€Å"New Translation of Laruelle’s Biography of the Eye”, Fractal Ontology, Nov 21, 2009 http://fractalontology. wordpress. com/2009/11/21/new-translation-of-laruelles-biography-of-the-eye 3. â€Å"The Kingfisher Science Encyclopedia”, Kingfisher Publications, 2006 4. â€Å"Your Eyes”, Kids Health, http://kidshealth. org/kid/htbw/eyes. html 5. â€Å"Your Guide to How the Eye Sees”, WebMD, http://www. webmd. com/eye-health/amazing-human-eye\r\n'

'North American Indian Religions Essay\r'

'North American Indian religions rely on icons to give kernel to the straightaway environment and the cosmos in oecumenical. Icons to a fault symbolize the elemental provides of nature †the spirits, the supernatural world, and the forests. In addition, icons also describes hu bit being’s relationship with the alleged(prenominal) ‘ positive Being. ‘ In many North American Indian religions, the ‘Supreme Being’ occupies an integral habit in value formation.\r\nThe Supreme Being is the for the first time source of morality and tribal authority. Indeed, in totems, the Supreme Being occupies the highest position by virtue of power and seniority. Icons can also be analyzed in terms of its social and cultural sense. Icons represent the general values of a community †that is, imprinted images of cherished values. The to a greater extent revered icons are, the more respected are recognised values in the tribe.\r\nCulturally, icons are imprinted b eliefs †that is, they symbolize man’s immediate concerns about the environment. These concerns are as follows: survival initiatives, self-esteem and belongingness, and self-admiration. Icons serve to remind man that his natural habits are still active. Objectives: To determine the office of icons or images in North American Indian religions To define the relationship between the use of icons and the immediate environment\r\n'

'Desert Biome\r'

'De iomee ert B s n g rick Bor By: E Period:2 Where is the desert biome located??? unremarkably located in U. S. A, South America, Africa,Europe,Austalia,and Asia. located in intense, dry locations around the Earth. Deserts cover some one fifth of the Earths land surface. Whats the climate same? All deserts are dry, arid places, only when some may be cold depending on the location. Desert regions commonly only receive 10 inches of rainwater per year. A very low latitude climate. Usually squander average temperature over 64° F(18° C). The climate is formed by high-pressure zones in which cold air descends.Who feels in the Desert? The animals that live in the desert such(prenominal) as camels, snakes, lizards, scorpions, coyotes, armadillos, hawks, and kangaroos, have special adaptations that allow them to hold the extreme temperatures and conditions that award in a desert. Theres also things like plants such as cactus, ocotillo a leafy immature plant that produces f lowers) and shrubs. Plants in the desert are oblige to make many adaptions in order to survive in this dry, hot land. Some adaptions are when rain falls they sprout at that moment. SpecialityReceives a passing low amount of perspiration. More water is befuddled by evapotranspiration. Deserts quarter be cutting or hot. Cold deserts are usually covered in snow or ice. separate by their geographical location and dominant prevail pattern. Sand covers about only 20% of earths deserts. Antarctica is in truth the biggest desert. level of biodiversity I believe the level of biodiversity is hot and dry. Not to many living things live in the desert, because of heat. Deserts dont really have plants because it rarely rains. Animals that can live in the heat can free burning the deserts biodiversity.\r\n'

'The United States Supreme Court and Public Opinion\r'

'The unite States despotic lawcourt is a unique Ameri clear excogitation. It is unique because, unlike the individuals parcel in the executive and the legislative branches of government, the ball club justices answer at the highest level of the get together States autonomous coquette argon insulated in bareial ways from the humankind they are sworn to serve. Most signifi backtly, the justices are provided intent-time terms following nomination and hitch. Unlike presidents or members of relation, for ex international adenylic aciderele, the justices do non choose to endure initial frequent elections or prepare for reelection campaigns.In fix, in umpteen ways, the members of the linked States autonomous court of law are insulated from the humanity that they serve in extraordinary and unique ways. This truly insulation, in turn, has generated fierce copes among level-headed savants, semi governmental prentices, and historians regarding the fit character ization of the birth betwixt the United States tyrannical romance and humans feel and the consequences of different characterizations.This act will argue that the justices of the United States arrogant tourist court are non nearly as uninvolved as conventional wisdom and scholarship in any case frequently assume, that humans panorama affects the justices in a myriad of deeply significant ways, and that adopting a studyitarian fashion sit better relieves the United States arbitrary tourist court as well as better serving measurable world insurance policy objectives.In order to support the ancestry that majoritarian textile is the preferable ideal, this essay will explain why analytical modellings are especially master(prenominal) in this context, the consequences of the different procession shotes, and why a majoritarian come out is the better framework for analyzing and discussing the kindred between the United States dogmatic court of justice and general touch sensation. B. Why analytical Frameworks MatterThis debate is particularly important because these justices, serving for life terms, are elevated to the United States arrogant judicial system as a result of semipolitical ratiocinations sort of than intellectual merit or the possession of a neutrally objective judicial philosophy. Indeed, it is comm muchover agreed by scholars that Judges and scholars perpetuate the myth of merit. The reality, however, is that every engagement is political.Merit competes with different political considerations, like personal and ideological compatibility, with the forces of support or opp geniusnt in Congress and the White House, and with demands for representative ap backsheeshments on the bases of geography, religion, race, gender, and ethnicity. (OBrien 33) It is this political company that makes the affinity between the United States positive hook and the American citizenry such an important issue.This is because ce rtain(prenominal) arrogances whitethorn encourage special interests to pursue political appointments to the autocratic judiciary in an thrust to manipulate in the internal eye(predicate) whimsy. For those whom drive to the countermajoritarian school of thought, which holds that the lordly coquette is largely immune to open sound judgement and only influenced by earthly concern impression, the touch is that once a nominated justice is confirmed that he or she will be able to issue rulings unrestrained by the pressures of creation idea (Davis 4).As a result, this approach encourages deeply political appointments because on that point is a belief that nonage interests can be advanced or otherwise protected by a globe institution shielded from globe sagacity; this, in turn, encourages potential justices to refrain from expressing their intellect or their opinions candidly in order to minimize political problems. unrivalled scholar has described this dumbing do wn of a candidate’s merits on that pointfo commit: â€Å"A untrue discourse of appointments has thus emerged: a nominees advocates make his case in the ideologically neutral language of merit, as if the candidates suasions had no flush on his selection,” (Greenberg, n. p. ) That prospective justices of the United States arrogant coquette are compelled to engage in a â€Å"fictive discourse” is some(prenominal) disturbing and contrary to the American ideal of open and free discourse.The confirmation interest involving Robert Bork was illustrative of this type of political battle; indeed, kind of than poreing on Bork’s intellectual abilities or merits the confirmation hearings devolved into perhaps the most argumentative confirmation battle in modern history. Indeed, as wizard leading scholar of the Bork proceedings has noted, highlighting the aforementioned(prenominal) dangers associated with the countermajoritarian framework,Because few kno wledgeable observers questioned Judge Borks professional qualifications, opposition to Bork quickly focused on his judicial philosophy. The focus on ideology raised a all-important(a) issue as to whether it was proper for the Senate to reject for ideological efforts an otherwise qualified nominee. (Vieira, and Gross vii)On the other hand, for those whom subscribe to the majoritarian school of thought, an increasingly influential approach to the relationship between the United States controlling solicit and public opinion, the belief is that the justices are not only not insulated from public opinion but that public opinion affects the justices intimately in terms of the types of cases they choose to nail down each year (OBrien 165), what lawful justifications that justices choose to rely on when decision making particularly contentious cases (Waltenburg, and Swinford 242), and whether to push or overturn longstanding level-headed precedents (Norrander, and Wilcox 707).Such laying claims, that public opinion does matter and that it matters significantly, hand several significant implications if they are true. First, selecting politics over merit when deciding whom to nominate to the United States unequivocal homage may be overrated; to a greater extent(prenominal) than specifically, justices will netly be more sensitive to public opinion than the political alliances that earned them the nomination in the first place.They will, by and by all, be freed of the need to sustain the political alliances aft(prenominal) confirmation as a result of their life story tenure whereas they will always be judged by public opinion. A case in point was the Republican nomination of Warren Burger. He was cognise to lose been a conservative with a grim construction approach to the interpretation of the United States Constitution. In short, from a countermajoritarian point of view, Burger had seemed an extraordinarily safe political choice for the United Stat es controlling philander.The reality, however, was that as the fifteenth header Justice of the United States autocratic motor lodge, Burger began to recover in ways that shocked his initial supporters. rather than shunning public opinion, as his supporters wanted on issues such as race, he has since become know as one of the more activist Chief Judges in the history of the United States dogmatic judgeship. The countermajoritarian school of thought cannot account for such a shift in judicial behavior, and this is a major flaw in this particular analytical framework.Burger is practically better understood, as is the United States lordly solicit more generally, by employing a majoritarian framework that accounts for public opinion in addition to underlying political alliances or political philosophies. Second, if these assumptions are true, thence public opinion matters. That means that studying the United States Supreme mash in isolation, rather than in companionship wit h other think social until nowtors such as public opinion, is a flawed approach.The better analytical framework is the majoritarian approach which, though a minority approach, accomplishes two important objectives. Initially, by accounting for and analyzing more carefully the relationship between public opinion and the United States Supreme Court, courts like Burger’s can be better understood and better explained; in addition, the majoritarian approach legitimizes public opinion as a part of the bailiwick debate with look on to legal issues of public interest rather than confining these issues to nine distant justices in a mysterious off-white tower.If one of the main functions of the justices is to safeguard the genuineness of the American constitution, a document conceived of and designed to protect the public generally, then sound policy demands public participation and influence. There are two main questions to be resolved. First, does the countermajoritarian or th e majoritarian framework better explain how the United States Supreme Court functions? Second, and related to the first issue, which model better contributes to the legitimacy of the United States Supreme Court and its legal decisions.C. Main Questions 1. Countermajoritarian or Majoritarian: A doorsill Issue Although the United States Supreme Court is one of the most heavily studied American institutions, there remain significant differences of opinion regarding the nature of the relationship between the Supreme Court and public opinion. One of the more fundamental debates among legal scholars, political scientists, and historians centers on whether the United States Supreme Court is in vegetable marrow a countermajoritarian institution or a majoritarian institution.This debate has important implications. Those that suppose that the countermajoritarian model outstrip characterizes the real function and operation of the United States Supreme Court to a fault tend to view the Sup reme Court as being largely insulated from public opinion; on the other hand those that believe that the majoritarian framework scoop characterizes the Supreme Court tend to believe that public opinion, to some extant, affects the function, operations, and the crowning(prenominal) legal decisions of the Supreme Court.How one resolves this debate, therefore, pervasively affects American jurisprudence; indeed, â€Å" frequently constitutional discourse is predicated on the assumption that the United States Supreme Court is a counter-majoritarian institution, and normative theories financial backing the exercise of judicial review are seen, by some, as having to accommodate that fact.” (Solimine, and Walker n. p). Should this fundamental assumption be proven to be incorrect, and there is a growing body of research that suggests that it may be incorrect, then the constitutional discourse and the normative theories that have flowed from the traditional countermajoritarian chara cterization of the Supreme Court may be similarly flawed and incorrect.In short, a door determination needs to be made. This threshold question, as is relevant to the relationship between the United States Supreme Court and public opinion, is whether the Supreme Court is in fact a countermajoritarian institution as scholars have traditionally assumed or a majoritarian institution as some modern scholars argue. 2. Supreme Court as Arbiter of LegitimacyIn addition and intimately related to the aforementioned characterization debate, scholars have also examined the relationship of the United States Supreme Court and public opinion in terms of legitimacy; more specifically, scholars have debated whether and to what extant Supreme Court decisions resolve contentious legal issues legitimately so far as public opinion is concerned and whether and to what extant legitimacy instead results from public opinion affecting the Supreme Court either directly or indirectly.In short, is the ultima te radical of legitimacy regarding contentious legal issues the Supreme Court, public opinion, or the interplay between the two? This source of legitimacy debate is made more toilsome by the fact that public opinion tends to be more responsive to a narrow pad of legal issues or what has otherwise been referred to in the literary productions as bound cases such as brown v. display board of Education, Roe V. Wade, and, more latterly, shrub v.Gore. If this assumption is correct, that public opinion is only concerned with enclosure cases, then the scope of academic inquiry must(prenominal) be significantly narrowed; to this end, one scholar has noted that â€Å"if we assume that only the huge study landmark cases affect public opinion, in essence, we are saying that the remainder of the Courts work is inconsequential, at least in terms of public opinion. ” (Hoekstra 3).An additional inured of threshold questions, therefore, needs to address the more specific relation ship between different types of Supreme Court cases and public opinion. Is the relationship relevant only with respect to national landmark cases? Does the relationship differ between landmark and non-landmark cases? This, in turn, demands an abstract which examines both the national and local effect of Supreme Court decisions. Indeed, acknowledging that â€Å"victimization national data, it may be possible to touch on cases such as Bush v.Gore to counterchanges in public opinion and support for the Court” (Hoekstra 3) one scholar has argued for engaging in a more nuanced analysis that examines localized set up as well by suggesting that beneath the noise may veridically be opinionated effectsâ€ones not easily obtrusive or the same for all citizensâ€but systematic nonetheless(prenominal). If citizens learn about different Court decisions establish on information available and salient to them, then looking for uniform national level effects is misguided. This doe s not mean that Court decisions are without national effect.If the Courts effect is more localizedâ€either in terms of geography or some other processâ€we might still see the effect of Court decisions on public opinion and that Court decisions might affect support for the Court on a national level. The process is just more subtle and possibly more gradual. Another motive to look at local public opinion is that Court decisions frequently require active implementation, much by local officials. If the Court can change public opinion on the issues, or at least cast legitimacy on the policy under review, the probability of successful implementation is groovyly enhanced (Hoekstra 3)Thus, in short, a second threshold set of questions addresses the extant to which scholars assume that relationships between the Supreme Court and public opinion are limited to national landmark cases or whether the relationship can be extended according to local effects and conditions. C. Benefits of a Majoritarian Approach The first benefit of a majoritarian approach is rather intuitive; more specifically, because legal issues affect the public then the public’s opinion ought to be considered.Although this essay also argues that public opinion is relevant in disputes that may not be considered landmark cases, the evidence strongly supports the advise that public opinion particularly affects national landmark cases and that landmark cases unflinching by the United States Supreme Court tend to affect public opinion. What complicates a proper characterization of the court derives from different historic relationships between the court and the United States Supreme Court. Traditionally, the American public did view the justices as enlightened individuals whom didn’t require public input.This sort of public reliance justified, in the past, the countermajoritarian approach; indeed, with respect to general public opinion, the justices were significantly insulated. On e leading scholar, writing in 1957, secernated that Until recently, the attitude of Americans toward the Supreme Court recalled with funny fidelity that with which, according to Burke, Englishmen of a century and a half ago should have looked upon the institutions of their rural area: â€Å"We ought to figure it according to our measure; and to venerate where we are not able to understand.” (Schwartz iii). This veneration, this assumption that the public can no longer understand the legal issues presented to the United States Supreme Court, is no longer an accurate description of the American public; quite the contrary, the public regularly criticizes Supreme Court decisions, it more carefully follows potential and actual nominations to the highest court in the land, and through a frame of groups and organization it onrushs to influence the court by presenting wizard of the court legal briefs on near every type of imaginable case.What has emerged more recently is a Un ited States Supreme Court that is beleaguer by rather than isolated from public opinion; one scholar has noted that even presidents attempt to influence the justices, stating that â€Å"presidents can influence the Supreme Court beyond the appointments process. ” (Martinek, n. p. ). From the unemployed mother interested in an abortion issue to competing presidential candidates seeking a favorable ruling the United States Supreme Court has become, for better or worse, America’s referee of last resort.This change in the way the public covers and interacts with the United States Supreme Court is the first reason why the countermajoritarian framework is no longer the best approach for analyzing the justices or the relationship between the Supreme Court and public opinion. The detached veneration of the public is a relic of the past and has been replaced by a greater public awareness. This greater public awareness, however, cannot be overstated; to be sure, though â€Å" Shifting majorities of the public do disagree with many decisions, to the extent they perceive them, or are simply ignorant of the great mass of the Courts jurisprudence.” (Solimine, and Walker, n. p. ) There are, therefore, gaps in the public’s knowledge about the nature of the Supreme Court’s power and the underlying issues. This imperfect knowledge, however, does not render public opinion marginal or irrelevant. It simply suggests that public opinion may at times be somewhat irrational; both a rational and an irrational public opinion can affect the Supreme Court and the majoritarian approach can be adapted to account for an idealize public which possesses an advanced understanding of complex legal issues and an imperfect public which sometimes reacts in less than informed ways.In short, the majoritarian approach is better able to desegregate the complex interactions between the United States Supreme Court than the rigidly outdated countermajoritarian model. In addition to the fact that public perceptions and demands have changed over time, it is also evident that legal precedents have been modified or broken in response to public opinion. Some of the more well-known cases illustrating this fact have involved moot issues dealing with racial segregation, abortion, and civil rights more generally.A countermajoritarian framework would assume that the justices would be significantly isolated from the public in cases such as chocolate-brown v. Board of Education and Roe v. Wade. Had these justices been insulated, it is entirely plausible that these cases would never have reached the United States Supreme Court, and if they had, that they would have been distinct differently. The majoritarian model, on the other, admits that these issues were, to some extant, forced upon the United States Supreme Court and that the justices accommodated public opinion by closure important national issues.This framework further contributes to an ultimate type of legitimacy with respect to the judicial decisions, even if the legitimacy remains challenged by some members of the public, because it treats the decision as a sort of cooperative effort between the United States Supreme Court and the American public. These decisions, in turn affected public opinion. much throng accepted racial integration, more people accepted abortion, and more people came to believe that George W. Bush was entitled to the highest office in the land. In Brown v. Board of Education, for instance, the public was badly divided regarding issues of racial segregation.While it is true that the modern trend was toward integration the hapless fact was that many members of the public, including states, resisted attempts to integrate the races more on the whole; as a result, pressure was brought to bear on the United States Supreme Court. On the one hand, there was a notion that the federal government shouldn’t interfere too much in state affairs; on the other hand, there was also a growing public recognition that only a decision by the United States Supreme Court, and not any actions by the executive or legislative branches alone, would settle the issues legitimately across the country (Klarman 348).A countermajoritarian framework would instead assume, and incorrectly so, that the justices themselves suddenly decided that racial segregation was unconstitutional rather than attributing a great deal of credit to the American public. 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