Trend of Self Medication Among Youngsters

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the campaign of egotism medicament among youngsters. Methods A sketch was conducted in 4 atomic number 18as of Karachi, Pakistan during may 2012. entropy collected was entered utilise SPSS mutation 17 to generate descriptive statistics. selective information analyzed through with(p) using chi-squ atomic number 18 streak to envision the associations among variables. Results The exit shows that the come up of youngsters incisionicipated in this speculate were ampere-second, having senesce wheel of 14-27 yrs, the over any(prenominal) last(predicate) reaction is positive. at that place females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the volume of the hears was be impersonate-gograduate youngsters.By the explore we aspire the result that spate mean that they could go out their confess rowdyism themselves and that leads them to egotism-importance-importance medical exam exam specialty. Qualifi cation and understanding own sickness is non in cypherent. neglect of clip is plant to be a fact that males do egotism music to a extensiveer extent often then females the cut off towards ego-importance medical specialty is change magnitude day by day. Conclusion ego medicament come increase in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan more often than not in males and undergrad youngsters under get along of 18-22. The actor is wish of cartridge holder or not consulting to the bear upon.Need to educate the youngsters to fend off much(prenominal) formula mass know that ego-importance medicament is preposterous and just ab issue time ca engross side egress. Key words egotism-importance medicament, youngsters, trend, ethical medicate. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the field of mull over ego- diplomacy is defined as keeping and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for egotism-importance-medicament be or dinarily name as nonprescription or over the tabulator (OTC) and be gettable without advice of doctors through pharmacists. ego-importance medical specialty is nowadays gradu entirelyy being considered as a self- anxiety component.Support of self-cargon is seen as give patients e genuinely view to photograph business and expect self- sureness in their ability to deal with their own substantiallyness. una dissemblechangeable early(a) characteristics of self-c atomic number 18, self- medicinal drug involves the pulmonary tuberculosis of medicines and medicines cast the potential to do better as wellspring as get under ones skin harm. This is in the first place concern to these countries where there is want of enforcement of placement starring(p) to entrancewayibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive affair of much(prenominal) medicates which is tie in with stark inapplicable erectuate.Numerous cases s tudies abide stated that un desirable self- medicine outcomes in wast age of re bugs and causes serious wellness think much(prenominal) as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged endorseing and drug dependence. When the medicine remedyly done, self-medicament might be save the time which dog-tired in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-efficient and as well as propose redemptives for medical schemes and the planetary wellnessc atomic number 18 dodge. The WHO has similarly pointed out that dependable self- medical specialty bed sustain patient and act sickness that do not need medical reference work and gives a cheaper extract for treating car park diseases.With self- music, the person tolerates principal(a) accountability for the use of self-medicament products. All parties bear on in self- music should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through galore(postnominal) studies stimulate been conducted in different po pulations to appraise the form of self-medication there is a scarcity of studies on self-medication among university and medical scholarly persons. To prove our intimacy we carry on this agendum and targeted the youngsters to amaze out the expends of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi.This case is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously change magnitude in youngsters. This canvass might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This deal as well explores the injurious make of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students rely on self medication. Self-medication is the ameliorate of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for much(prenominal) medical issues.To enhance our frien dship, we conduct this study in Karachi and peculiarly target the youngsters to respect self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor a phenomenon seen in many is growth countries. Self medication is a part of health c ar and it is heedful as initial universal health source in system of health c atomic number 18. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own opening night is a part of self medication and it is in habitual practice in youngsters for usual issues related to their health.Self medication excessively encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self sensed health problems or the continuing use of medications officially confirming antecedent. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members oddly to minor and elderly. indecorous effectuate of self medication Its very common in our edict that whenever we crack a cough, flu or any common di sease we piddle fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was telling for him.We do these eccentric persons of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication argon as fol low-downs. Insomnia imputable to self-medication you croup face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major(ip) occasion to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs once once once again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one fount of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines. trim problems When you involve in self medication you will get roughly skin problem or any different allergic reaction callable to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur cod to self-medication atomic number 18 irritate and redness on your skin. Depression People who energize a costume of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. more people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through slams and lotionsSelf-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The groom/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in th e practices of self medication more than illiterate people.This study includes somewhat(a) general aspects of self medication to aim the frequence of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1self medication among youngsters and age argon free-lance. Ha 1. 4. 1self medication among youngsters and age atomic number 18 not independent. Ho1. 4. 2 self medication among youngsters and sex be independent. Ha 1. 4. 2 self medication among youngsters and sexual activity are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3 self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 writings REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self- practice of medicine harmonize to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter gross sales of nearly all medicine are open without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major broker probably contributing to this phenomenon. In the practi ce of our dermatology, we unremarkably comely patients with acne infections due to use of topical self medication. The preponderance of self medication is extensively risque in the acne infections patients in our residents.The some frequently employ medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices concord to Shankar et al (2002) moderate disease is the intimately common rationalness of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior(prenominal) knowledge of treating related disease, neglect of handiness of health give care personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly utilise for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines, herbal medicines were also usually employ for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practice correspond to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major effort for self-medication were their prior examines and the majority of the generators ag reed with this major basis of self medication, their health problems was metric as too in penitative and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and grant fitted randomness were other main reasons for self-medication practice.Have score that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice jibe to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these interrogationes mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In sort of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have snarly in self-medication is female.Three of these researches have been assiduous to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses , while two of the studies have meshed to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates knobbed in the studies. Frequency of self-medication sight among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication report was mainly depend on how the query was created in the inquirenaire.For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was implicated to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had use any medication for the noncurrent one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is rather difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) practices of self-care for mild unhealthinesses are mo re and more encouraging by some governments, including self-medication. Support of self-care is spy as magnanimous all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to cover their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is described as an significant health policy flummox. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes rough ethical drug Drugs among Teens.According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of urgeed medicines misuse is expected to slash misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between aim of perceived gamble and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling m edicines without a doctor advise this sequent observed in every create nations.Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were worry or mild pain fever flu, caught and cold and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, unfitness to sleep, vomiting, substance and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youths information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug informationAccording to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and publicizing in the television, radio, raw(a)spaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to pack et al, (2006) a new measurable findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health statement on the knowledge of drugs side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. appear the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and cured medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in sr. medical undergraduates as contrast to the first year students. slight sensory faculty of medical information may be reason to the low authorization of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disea se are underlying thence are complicating the problem, produce drug resistance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication.Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and plaza income countries, expectedness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people execute to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the oftenness of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a days Self-medication is emer gence in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. more global researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the residents level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general unflurried the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not been conducted.The interest in examine this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the afterlife prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The valet wellness Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes first accountability for the use of self-medication products.Every soulfulness must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to pass judgment the frequency of self-medication there is a paumetropolis of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do favourable as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with change magnitude literacy and it is even comprehended so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the globe heal th Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory theme of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he frequency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living totally and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of inveterate ailments and psychiatric causes. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city subject areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication example in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state.Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic appro ach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness concerning pharmaceutical marketing. what is more especially in case of Punjab state ban must be enforced on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state indispensable to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Childrens According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from ill-treat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines.The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been set up to be use of non-prescribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be fortify to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age kinsperson like both sexs, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers i. e this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug pr oducts to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some students reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 judgment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preference of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience.Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care penchant can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 wellness care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childhood illnesses and assessment of the stage and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the ripe past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health superior that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of denigrative drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper survival for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic function for the use of self-medication products.Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and try techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics.Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. sequence 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques appliance sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square.Acc ording to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table 1 might v/s VARIABLES verbal description khi SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY infirmity 29. 354 0. 007 close out ego medicine 6. 425 0. 6 simulate PRESCRIBE 11. 48 0. 321 usurp LACK OF TIME 16. 431 0. 37 fill graduate(prenominal) FEES 7. 423 0. 492 gestate military position EFFECT 12. 461 0. 132 take on treacherous 10. 582 0. 221 Accept YOUNGSTERS 12. 285 0. 139 Accept talk stove 16. 846 0. 032 disavow It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. quantify of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), stark (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were authoritative and shows that are independent to the qualification Table 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 6. 053 0. 195 Accept self medicament 3. 334 0. 504 Accept PRESCRIBE 9. 368 0. 095 Accept LACK OF TIME 14. 038 0. 007 stand firm gamey FEES 2. 38 0. 71 Accept SIDE EFFECT 5. 008 0. 286 Accept DANGEROUS 8. 898 0. 064 Accept YOUNGSTERS 2. 356 0. 671 Accept COMMUNICATION CHAIN 1. 361 0. 851 Accept It is found that the chi-square and sig. tax shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication compass (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table 3 AGE v/s VARIABLESDESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 12. 914 0. 115 Accept SELF MEDICATION 7. 128 0. 523 Accept PRESCRIBE 7. 612 0. 667 Accept LACK OF TIME 9. 468 0. 304 Accept HIGH FEES 12. 789 0. 119 Accept SIDE EFFECT 2. 677 0. 953 Accept DANGEROUS 11. 182 0. 192 Accept YOUNGSTERS 19 . 388 0. 013 Reject COMMUNICATION CHAIN 15. 794 0. 045 Reject It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illness (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 discourse In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age thread of 14-27 years, the boilersuit reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from con venience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and deliberate level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication.Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good adequate to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22.The reason is lack of time or not consult ing to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to bar such practice majority know that self medication is erroneous and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy & Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medication Practice with nonprescription(prenominal) Medication among University Students a review of the literature, Archives of pharmaceutical companycy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. Pharm, BA, et al, (2004), SELF-MEDICATION PRACTICES IN ADDIS ABABA A PROSPECTIVE STUDY, Ethiopia diary health science, Vol 14, No 1, pp 1-11.Carmel M, Hughes McElnay, James C Fleming, Glenda F. , (2001), Bene? ts and risks of self medication, Drug Safety, Vol 24, No 14, pp 1027-1037. Fadare Joseph O & Igbiks Tamuno, (2011), Antibiotic self-medication among university medical undergraduates in Union Nigeria, ledger of Public Health and Epidemiology, Vol 3, No 5, pp 217-220. Ghosh Sourav, Vikas, Vimal, et al, (2010), Evaluation of the practice of self medication among college students in west Uttar Pradesh, transnational Journal of Pharma Professionals Research, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-18.Haider S, Thaver IH, (1995), Self medication or self care conditional relation for primary health care strategies, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 45, No11, pp 297-298. Hussain Azhar, Asifa Khanum,(2008), Self medication among university students of Islamabad, Pakistan- a anterior study, Southern Med Review, Vol 1, No 1, pp 14-16. Hussain Shahzad, Farnaz Malik, Kazi Muhammad Ashfaq, et al , (2011), prevalence of self-medication and health-seeking behavior in a developing country, African Journal of drugstore and Pharmacology, Vol 5 , No 7, pp 972-978 James Henry, Shailendra S, Handu Khalid A.J, et al, (2006), Evaluation of the knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among first-year medical students, Med Princ Practice, Vol 15, No 4, pp 270-275. Khalid Tanzeela, Tariq Iqbal, (2010),Trends of self medication in patients with acne vulgarus, JUMDC, Vol 1, No 1, pp 10-13. Mumtaz Yasmin, S. M. Ashraf Jahangeer, Tahira Mujtaba, et al, (2011), Self Medication among University Students of Karachi, JLUMHS, Vol 10, No 3, pp 102-105. Oshikoya K A, O F Njokanma, J A Bello, et al, (2007), Family self-medication for children in an urban area of Nigeria , Paediatric and Perinatal Drug Therapy, Vol 8, No 3, pp 124-130.S Shveta, Jagmohan S, (2011), A study of self medication pattern in Punjab, Indian Journal of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 4, No 2, pp 43-46. Sawalha, Ansam F, (2007), Assessment of self-medication practice among University students in Palestine Therapeutic and toxicity Implications, The Islamic University Journal (Series of Natural Studies and Engineering), Vol 15, No 2, pp 67-82. SD Sontakke, Bajait CS , Pimpalkhute SA, et al, (2011), Comparative study of valuation of self-medication practices in first and third year medical student, International Journal of Biological Medical Research , Vol 2, No 2, pp 561-564.Shankar PR, P Partha and N Sh enoy, (2002), Self-medication and non-doctor prescription practices in Pokhara valley, Western Nepal a questionnaire-based study, BMC Family Practice, Vol 3, No 17, pp 1-7. Twombly Eric C Kristen D. Holtz, (2008), Teens and the misemploy of prescription DrugsEvidence-Based Recommendations to Curb a Growing Societal Problem, J primordial Prevent, Vol 29, No 18, pp 503516. WHO, (1988), The role of pharmacist in self-care and self-medication, Netherland.Wijesinghe R Pushpa, Ravindra L Jayakody, Rohini de A Seneviratne, (2012), Prevalence and predictors of self-medication in a selected urban and rural district of Sri Lanka, WHO southeastward Asia Journal of Public Health, Vol 1, No 1, pp 28-41. Zafar Syed Nabeel, Reema Syed, Sana Waqar, et al, (2008), Self medication amongst university students of Karachi prevalence, knowledge and attitudes, J Pak Med Assoc, Vol 58, No 4, pp 214-217. http//apps. who. int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip32e/whozip32e. pdfTrend of Self Medication Among Youngs tersABSTRACT Objective To determine the trend of self medication among youngsters. Methods A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collected was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics. Data analyzed done using chi-square test to check the associations among variables. Results The result shows that the number of youngsters participated in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall response is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication. Qualification and understanding own illness is not independent. Lack of time is found to be a fact that males do self medication more often then females the trend towards self medication is increasing day by day. Conclusion Se lf medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22. The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor.Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. Key words Self medication, youngsters, trend, prescription. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the study Self-medication is defined as obtaining and using medicine without the suggestion of a doctor either for diagnosis. Drugs for self-medication are normally name as nonprescription or over the counter (OTC) and are obtainable without advice of doctors through chemists. Self medication is nowadays gradually being considered as a self-care component.Support of self-care is seen as give patients every view to take accountability and create self-confidence in their ability to deal with their own health. Unlike other characteristics of self-care, self-medication involves the use of medicines and medicines have the potential to do better as well as cause harm. This is mainly concern to these countries where there is lack of enforcement of system leading to accessibility of non prescription medicines over the counter like Pakistan. This results in extensive use of such drugs which is related with serious undesirable effects.Numerous cases studies have stated that unsuitable self-medication outcomes in wastage of resources and causes serious health hazard such as unwanted drug reactions, prolonged suffering and drug dependence. When the medication correctly done, self-medication might be save the time which spent in waiting to see a physician, may be cost-effective and also propose savings for medical schemes and the general healthcare system. The WHO has also pointed out that dependable self-medication can help patient and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper option for treating common diseases.With self-me dication, the person tolerates primary accountability for the use of self-medication products. All parties concerned in self-medication should be attentive of the advantages and disadvantages of any self-medication product. Through many studies have been conducted in different populations to appraise the practice of self-medication there is a scarceness of studies on self-medication among university and medical students. To enhance our knowledge we carry on this agenda and targeted the youngsters to find out the practices of self-medication in youngsters of Karachi.This study is conduct on trend of Self-medication in youngsters of Karachi. Self medication trend is continuously increasing in youngsters. This study might be helpful to determine the rate of self medication in youngster of schools, colleges and universities of Karachi. This study also explores the injurious effects of self medication, causes for not discussing with the doctor and general issues for which students rely o n self medication. Self-medication is the healing of general health issues with drugs particularly proposed and labeled for utilize without any medical prescription and permitted as safe and useful for such medical issues.To enhance our information, we conduct this study in Karachi and especially target the youngsters to evaluate self medication in the youth. In Karachi, approximately every chemist sells medicines without a prescription of doctor a phenomenon seen in many is developing countries. Self medication is a part of health care and it is measured as initial public health source in system of health care. Use of non-prescription medicines by people on their own initiative is a part of self medication and it is in common practice in youngsters for common issues related to their health.Self medication also encompasses the use of the medicines by the users for self perceived health problems or the continuing use of medications formally prescribed earlier. Further broading of the definition includes treatment of family members especially to minor and elderly. Adverse effects of self medication Its very common in our society that whenever we catch a cough, flu or any common disease we have fixed a prescription in our mind and we do self-medication in such situations. We ask any of our friends or neighbors who prescribes the medicine which was effective for him.We do these types of things but the main thing we forget in all this is going to a doctor. Some adverse effects of self-medication are as follows. Insomnia Due to self-medication you can face the problem of insomnia. Insomnia is a sleeping disorder this is very common now a days and one of the major reason to insomnia is self-medication. When this problem occurs again open you medicine box and do self-medication again for this problem too. This worsens your problem. When you take one type of medicine again and again you may addicted to it and you also get dependent on such medicines.Skin problems When you involve in self medication you will get some skin problem or any other allergy due to reaction of medicine. Skin problem that occur due to self-medication are itching and redness on your skin. Depression People who have a habit of taking medicines which relax them that people facing the problem of depression. Many people self-medicate themselves to get relax without the advice of doctor. This type of habit may cause serious problem and no one can deny the effects of this self-medication addiction. Skin problems through creams and lotionsSelf-medication is does not only mean to in take such medicines. Self-medication can also be using lotion or cream on your skin without the advice of doctor. This type of self medication can also cause many skin problems. 1. 2 Objective of the study The Aim/objective of this study is to determine the trend of Self medication among youngsters. 1. 3 Problem statement Although self-medication being an issue of global concern, especially in Pakistan self medication is very common and rising day by day. Literate people involve in the practices of self medication more than illiterate people.This study includes some general aspects of self medication to identify the frequency of self medication among the youngsters. 1. 4 Hypothesis Ho1. 4. 1self medication among youngsters and age are independent. Ha 1. 4. 1self medication among youngsters and age are not independent. Ho1. 4. 2 self medication among youngsters and gender are independent. Ha 1. 4. 2 self medication among youngsters and gender are not independent. Ho1. 4. 3 self medication among youngsters and qualification are independent. Ha 1. 4. self medication among youngsters and qualification are not independent. 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Trends of Self-Medication According to Khalid (2010) in our country Self medication is an average. The counter sales of nearly all medicine are available without any prescription or regulation this is one of the major factor probably contrib uting to this phenomenon. In the practice of our dermatology, we commonly meet patients with acne infections due to use of topical self medication. The prevalence of self medication is extensively high in the acne infections patients in our residents.The most frequently used medication was potent topical steroids. 2. 2 Self-Medication practices According to Shankar et al (2002) Mild illness is the most common reason of self-medication which is mentioned in the literature, prior knowledge of treating related disease, lack of availability of healthcare personnel and financial considerations. Analgesics and antimicrobial are commonly used for self medications. In addition to allopathic medicines,herbal medicines were also usually used for self-medication. 2. 3 Reasons for self-medication practiceAccording to Almasdy et al, (2011) Among university students the major reason for self-medication were their prior experiences and the majority of the authors agreed with this major reason of s elf medication, their health problems was measured as too insignificant and time savings. Family or friends guidance, non availability of transport, doctor was not available, capability to self-manage the symptom, urgency of the problem and have adequate information were other main reasons for self-medication practice.Have reported that the main reasons to self-medication practice among university student were lack of time and low cost consultation. 2. 4 Demographic characteristics and prevalence of self medication practice According to Hussain et al. (2011) many of these researches mentioned the mean age of undergraduates was under 25 years old. This was reflected by the majority of the samples was undergraduate students. In manner of sexual characteristics, prevalence of the undergraduates who have involved in self-medication is female.Three of these researches have been engaged to undergraduates majoring in equally health and non-health courses, while two of the studies have enga ged to undergraduates simply majoring in health, and the rest did not revealed the field of the undergraduates involved in the studies. Frequency of self-medication observed among the university student was diverse. The occurrence of self-medication reported was mainly depend on how the query was created in the questionnaire.For example, the occurrence reported was authentic, if the question was concerned to the modern practice of self-medication. On the contrary, when asked whether the students had used any medication for the past one month, the incidence reported was low. However, some studies did not report the prevalence of self medication. Due to the difference in the methods used in studies, therefore, it is quite difficult to estimate the true prevalence rate of self-medication in university students. 2. 5 Benefits and Risks of Self Medication According to Carmel M et al. 2001) Practices of self-care for mild illnesses are increasingly encouraging by some governments, includi ng self-medication. Support of self-care is observed as giving all probability to patients to take accountability and construct confidence in their capability to control their own health. Patient confidence is observed as a helpful step in the improvement of the correlation between patient and healthcare provider and is described as an significant health policy model. 2. 6 In? uences on Knowledge and Attitudes about Prescription Drugs among Teens.According to Twombly et al, (2008) escalating precise information about the hazards of recommended medicines misuse is expected to reduce misuse. In fact, there is an inverse relationship between level of perceived risk and likelihood of use when it comes to teenagers willingness to misuse prescription drugs. 2. 7 Symptoms leading to self-medication According to Zafar et al. (2008) Approximately in Pakistan, everyone can get medicine without any prescription, mostly pharmacy selling medicines without a doctor advise this incident observed i n every developing nations.Even, antibiotics and high potential medicines are easily available to the common man. The common practices of self-medication among undergraduates is leading to the main symptoms of self-medication were headache or mild pain fever flu, caught and cold and diarrhea. Others symptoms includes allergy, skin problems, inability to sleep, vomiting, eye and ear symptoms, menstrual syndrome and others minor problems. This case study shows the outcome of the Pakistani youths information, mind-set, and practice towards self medication. 2. 8 Sources of drug informationAccording to Hussain et al, (2008) in this research, the author explains sources of drug information in self-medication practice. In this research statement shows that the undergraduates obtain access to drug information from many resources. Which is relate to their own earlier experience, family, contacts or university course mates, pharmacy sales representative, doctor or nurse, and advertisement in the television, radio, newspaper, magazine or books. 2. 9 Problems-related to self-medication practices According to James et al, (2006) a new important findings significance of elf-medication highlighted in this literature was the effect of health instruction on the knowledge of drugs side-effects amid the self medicating undergraduates. Calculate the effect of exposure to medical knowledge to equally the first year and senior medical undergraduates. The research exposed that troubles linked with self-medications were fewer in senior medical undergraduates as contrast to the first year students. Less awareness of medical information may be reason to the low self-assurance of the first year medical students 2. 0 Self -Medication among university students According to Mumtaz et al, (2011) Self medication mounting the probability of illegal use of medicine and medicine addiction and due to this the symptoms of disease are underlying thus are complicating the problem, produce drug resi stance and create difficulty to diagnosis. On the other side many of people involved in self medication who accept accountability and are cautious is a source saving phenomenon to the health system. Easy accessibility of the medicine by the counter sales increases self medication.Self medication is a phenomenon and practiced almost in the countries all over the world with different prevalence. In the low and middle income countries, commonness of self medication is higher. This research is explained that the educated people tend to practice self medication more than uneducated peoples. According to this research the frequency of self medication among undergraduates of medical and non medical is nearly 80%. This study endorses earlier reported local estimates of self medication among university students. . 11 Self-Medication in Nigeria According to Fadare et al, (2011) now a days Self-medication is growing in the population many counties as a common type of self-care behavior. Many g lobal researches have explored the frequency and characteristics of self-medication practices at the residents level. In Nigeria, many studies conduct to find the frequency of self-medication in general still the frequency of antibiotic self-medication among medical undergraduates has not been conducted.The interest in studying this practice among this select group is due to the fact that they are the future prescribes and health educators of the population of Nigeria. 2. 12 Evaluation of Self-Medication According to SD Sontakke et al, (2011) The World Health Organization has also identified that proper self-medication can help patients and treat illness that do not need medical consultation and gives a cheaper substitute for treating common diseases. With self-medication, the person takes primary accountability for the use of self-medication products.Every individual must be aware of advantages and disadvantages of self medication products who involved in self-medication practices . however many researches has been conducted in different populations to assess the frequency of self-medication there is a paucity of studies on self-medication among medical students. Support of self-care is considered as providing patients every opportunity to construct self-confidence in their capability to control their own health. Unlike other aspects of self-care, self-medication involves the use of drugs and drugs have the potential to do good as well as cause harm. . 13 Self-medication in Sri lanka According to Wijesinghe et al, (2012) Self medication growing with increasing literacy and it is even appreciated so as to have self-sufficiency for healing, preventive , primitives and rehabilitative care . If done properly, it is helpful to save expenses of health care seekers. therefore, considering the usefulness of self-medication, the World Health Organization (WHO) has focused to develop strategy for regulatory estimation of the medicines suitable for self-medication. he f requency of Self-medication is very familiar among women, youngster, those individuals who living alone and the individuals who belongs to low financial status (SES), sufferers of chronic ailments and psychiatric conditions. Many researches in Sri Lanka were conducted to city areas which have well built-up health and hospitals networks. Substitute indicators such as self-medication prevalence for malaria indicate that self-medication is relatively low in rural areas. 2. 14 Self-Medication pattern in Punjab According to S Shveta et al, (2011) the frequency of self medication practices is common in the state.Fever, cough and cold are reasons for the use of self-medication. The most common drugs which is commonly used for self-medication is tonics and food supplements and it is taken frequently without prescription. We recommend that holistic approach should be taken to prevent this problem, which contain correct knowledge and information regarding the self medication and strictness co ncerning pharmaceutical marketing. Furthermore especially in case of Punjab state ban must be implemented on counter sale of medicines. Dispensing modes in the state required to be enhanced by proper education, regulatory and administrative strategies. . 15 Self-Medication in Childrens According to Oshikoya et al, (2007) medicine use in children is of great anxiety worldwide and has received a lot of attention. Various researches have been performed in the urbanized and developing countries, and have all the countries faced many problems from mistreat and abuse of recommended medicines, and errors of medications. Children include a larger percentage of the residents in developing countries and are responsible to many illnesses as a effect of poverty. The majority of medicines in children are used outside of hospitals, both as recommended and non- recommended medicines.The primary reply by the majority families too many diseases in their children has been found to be use of non-presc ribed medicines . Self-medication is very common among urban children in Nigeria. The presented laws concerning the use and sale of over the counter medicine, prescribed and non-prescribed drugs must be reinforced to ensure normal use of medicines. 2. 16 Self-medication practices for drug consumers According to Andualem et al, (2004) On Socio-demographic the respondents concealed the characteristic of drug consumers consist of all age category like both genders, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers.Self-medication illnesses that reported very commonly in the respondents were headache, fever, cold, respiratory tract infection and gastrointestinal diseases. Education for the self-medication should be provided to public as well as health care providers i. e this type of illnesses can be easily self-treated and diagnosed and the drug products to be used in promoting the responsible self-medication. 2. 17 Self-medication in West Uttarpradesh According to Ghosh et al, (2010) some stu dents reported that they were alcoholic, smoker or involve in some chronic problems i. . non-communicable diseases, they have less awareness about the medicines that they use with smoking, alcohol or suffer problems with chronic diseases. Non-seriousness related to the disease is the most common reason reported for self-treated and for self-medication, previous experience on the medicine and emergency use. 2. 18 Assessment of Self-medication According to Sawalha, (2007) In An-Najah students the preference of self-medication in very common. Practice of treating this condition is done either simple or by previous experience.Even important self-medication predictors did present in the studied group, types of medications knowledge on the level of self-care orientation can be significant in analyzing the self-medication practices. 2. 19 Health care strategies According to Haider et al, (1995) treatment from some medical systems found in majority of cases. Health care behavior for childho od illnesses and assessment of the degree and the reasons for self-medication assess in Karachi, Pakistan. The main reason is the good past experience of self-medication. he main reason is the use of different medicines by health professional that influence the parents for self-medicate to their children. Self-medication is hard to reduce but some information can be made to discourage wrong use of harmful drugs. 2. 20 Self-medication (WHO). According to WHO (1988) The WHO pointed that Self medication can help and treat illness that does not require any consultation of medication and provides a cheaper option for treat such common diseases. Yet, the person bears basic responsibility for the use of self-medication products.Due to self-medication products parties should be aware about the benefits and risks of self-medication. 3 METHADOLOGY This part presents an overview of the methods to be used in the study. Areas covered in this part include data collection, variables, sample and sa mpling techniques and model for analyzed the data. 3. 1 Data In this study primary data is used for gathering information. A survey was conducted in 4 areas of Karachi, Pakistan during May 2012. Data collection was entered using SPSS version 17 to generate descriptive statistics.Data analyzed complete using chi-square test to check the associations between variables. 3. 2 Variables Variables used in this study are 1. Age 2. Gender 3. Qualification 3. 3 Sample and Sampling techniques Convenience sampling techniques is use to select respondents from Gulshan-e-iqbal area. A convenience sample of 100 participants was taken. A questionnaire was distributed among participants after explaining the background of the study and objective. 3. 4 Model The model we are used. To summarize the questionnaires we used statistical model of chi-square.According to Zafar et al (2008) the author used Chi-square in his study. 4 RESULT Table 1 QUALIFICATION v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE R ESULTS MY ILLNESS 29. 354 0. 007 Reject SELF MEDICATION 6. 425 0. 6 Accept PRESCRIBE 11. 48 0. 321 Accept LACK OF TIME 16. 431 0. 37 Accept HIGH FEES 7. 423 0. 492 Accept SIDE EFFECT 12. 461 0. 132 Accept DANGEROUS 10. 582 0. 221 Accept YOUNGSTERS 12. 285 0. 139 Accept COMMUNICATION CHAIN 16. 846 0. 032 Reject It is found that the chi-square and sig. alue shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the qualification shows that self medication (0. 6), prescribe (0. 321), lack of time (0. 37), high fees (0. 492), side effects (0. 132), dangerous (0. 221), youngsters (0. 139) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the qualification Table 2 GENDER v/s VARIABLES DESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 6. 053 0. 195 Accept SELF MEDICATION 3. 334 0. 504 Accept PRESCRIBE 9. 368 0. 095 Accept LACK OF TIME 14. 038 0. 007 Reject HIGH FEES 2. 38 0. 71 Accept SIDE EFFECT 5. 008 0. 286 Accept DANGEROUS 8. 898 0. 06 4 Accept YOUNGSTERS 2. 356 0. 671 Accept COMMUNICATION CHAIN 1. 361 0. 851 Accept It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the gender that My illness (0. 195), self medication(0. 504), Prescribe (0. 095)high fees(0. 71),side effects(0. 286), dangerous(0. 064), youngsters(0. 671), Communication chain (0. 851) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the gender. Table 3 AGE v/s VARIABLESDESCRIPTION CHI SQUARE SIG VALUE RESULTS MY ILLNESS 12. 914 0. 115 Accept SELF MEDICATION 7. 128 0. 523 Accept PRESCRIBE 7. 612 0. 667 Accept LACK OF TIME 9. 468 0. 304 Accept HIGH FEES 12. 789 0. 119 Accept SIDE EFFECT 2. 677 0. 953 Accept DANGEROUS 11. 182 0. 192 Accept YOUNGSTERS 19. 388 0. 013 Reject COMMUNICATION CHAIN 15. 794 0. 045 Reject It is found that the chi-square and sig. value shows that the self medication is increasing in youngsters. the sig. value of the age that my illne ss (0. 115), self medication (0. 23), prescribe (0. 667), lack of time (0. 304), high fees (0. 119), side effects (0. 953), dangerous (0. 192) these all variables were accepted and shows that are independent to the age. 5 DISCUSSION In the light of the literature review self medication is a most common practice. In this study mostly males involve in self medication. The number of youngsters participate in this study were 100, having age range of 14-27 years, the overall reply is positive. There females were 37 (37%) and males were 63 (63%). This shows that the greater part of the samples was undergraduate youngsters.In term of gender, majority of the youngsters who adept self-medication are males. Moreover, the sampling methods were varied among the studies, range from convenience. The trend of self-medication is high in undergraduate youngsters as compared to the inter and metric level youngsters. Mostly Youngsters have a preference of self-medication, 63% of undergraduates, 18% of inter and only 19% of metric youngsters involve in self medication. By the research we get the result that people think that they could understand their own illness themselves and that leads them to self medication.Qualification and understanding own illnesses are not independent. So we accepted alternative hypothesis. Increasing communication chain is also one of the major reasons of increment of self medication in well qualified too. The above data was found to be good sufficient to maintain from literature review that the trend towards self medication is increasing literally. 6 CONCLUSION Self medication practice increasing in the youngsters of Karachi, Pakistan mostly in males and undergraduate youngsters under age of 18-22.The reason is lack of time or not consulting to the doctor. Need to educate the youngsters to avoid such practice majority know that self medication is incorrect and some time cause side effect. 7 BIBLOGRAPHY Almasdy Dedy & Azmi Sherrif , (2011 ), Self-Medic ation Practice with Nonprescription Medication among University Students a review of the literature, Archives of Pharmacy Practice, Vol 2, No 3, pp 95-100. Andualem Tenaw, B. 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